Modified mGluR6 promoter and methods of use

ABSTRACT

The invention provides nucleic acids and nucleic acid expression vectors containing optimized mGluR6 promoters for expression of transgenes in the retina. The compositions and methods of the invention are useful for expression of gene products to preserve, improve, or restore phototransduction or vision.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/125,066, filed Sep. 9, 2016, now issued on Jun. 4, 2019 as U.S. Pat. No. 10,307,492, which is a U.S. National Stage Application, filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371, of International Application No. PCT/US2015/019985, filed Mar. 11, 2015 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/951,360, filed Mar. 11, 2014, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties.

GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with U.S. Government support under the National Institutes of Health/National Eye Institute grant NIH EY 17130. The Government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitted in ASCII format via EFS-Web and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created on Jan. 4, 2022, is named 059534-508C01US_Updated_Sequence_Listing.txt and is 152,301 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the field of molecular biology. The invention features modified metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) promoters for increased expression in the retina. The modified mGluR6 promoters described herein are useful in ocular gene therapy for the improvement and/or restoration of vision.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gene therapy is a promising approach for improving and restoring vision. Particularly, delivery of genes, such as photosensitive proteins, to diseased or damaged retinas in mice have been recently shown to improve and restore photosensitivity and visual signals. However, challenges still remain for the efficient targeting and expression of such genes in specific inner retinal neurons for ocular gene therapy. Accordingly, there is a pressing need for improved regulatory elements and expression vectors for the delivery and expressing of transgenes for ocular gene therapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a solution for the long-felt need for improved promoters and nucleic acid expression vectors for the delivery and expression of transgenes to the eye. Specifically, the promoters and vectors described herein comprise or consist essentially of a modified metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) promoter that contains sequences from regulatory elements that direct the expression of the mGluR6 protein to ON bipolar cells, or retinal rod bipolar cells.

The present invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid expression vector comprising an mGluR6 enhancer or a variant thereof and an mGluR6 promoter or a variant thereof. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule further comprises intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene or a variant thereof. Optionally, the nucleic acid molecule further comprises intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene or a variant thereof.

The present invention features an isolated nucleic acid molecule or a nucleic acid expression vector comprising an mGluR6 enhancer or a variant thereof, an mGluR6 promoter or a variant thereof, an intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene or a variant thereof, and an intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene or a variant thereof.

A nucleic acid expression vector of the present invention may be a viral vector, preferably an adeno-associated virus vector or a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector. In other embodiments, the AAV vectors used with the present invention, e.g., a packaging vector, comprise a capsid protein.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more of the nucleic acid expression vectors described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, AAV vectors of more than one serotype may be combined into a single composition for administration, or may be administered sequentially over suitable time periods.

The present invention further provides a method for expressing a transgene in the eye comprising introducing into the eye the nucleic acid expression vector described herein. The nucleic acid expression vector may be introduced to the eye by subretinal, intraocular, or intravitreal injection. The methods described herein may be useful for increasing light sensitivity, increasing light detection, increasing photosensitivity, increasing visual evoked potential, or improving or restoring vision in a retina of a subject. For example, the subject suffers from an ocular disorder or disease associated with photoreceptor degeneration.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the present invention, suitable non-limiting exemplary methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety. In cases of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples described herein are illustrative only and are not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from and are encompassed by the following detailed description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of an rAAV2 genome vector.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an rAAV2 packaging vector, with a mutation in the viral capsid gene (Y444F).

FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of an optimized promoter construct I4 comprising a 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer and a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter upstream of a transgene (mCherry).

FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of an optimized promoter construct I1a comprising an intron 4 from mGluR6, intron 3 from mGluR6, a 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer and a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter upstream of a transgene (mCherry).

FIGS. 5A-5F are a series of immunofluorescence images demonstrating rAAV-mediated expression of transgene (mCherry) by two optimized mGluR6 promoter constructs (I4 and I1a). FIG. 5A and FIG. 5D show images taken at the ganglion cell layer in retinal whole-mounts to visualize the axon terminals of rod bipolar cells. FIG. 5B and FIG. 5E show images taken in inner nuclear layer in retinal whole-mounts to visualize the somas of rod bipolar cells. FIG. 5B and FIG. 5E show the expression of transgene (mCherry) in rod bipolar cells is depicted in retinal vertical sections.

FIGS. 6A-6F are a series of immunofluorescence images demonstrating the expression of a transgene targeted to rod bipolar cells. The rAAV2/2 (Y444F)-mediated expression of mCherry driven by an optimized mCh1uR6 promoter is depicted in retinal whole-mount (FIG. 6A) and in retinal vertical section (FIG. 6D). Co-staining mCherry with anti-PKC (a rod bipolar cell marker) is also shown in retinal whole-mounts (FIGS. 6A-6C) and vertical sections (FIGS. 6D-6F).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR6, also known as Grm6) mediates the synaptic transmission in the nervous system and mediates the ON-response in the ON-pathway of the vertebrate retina. Expression of mGluR6 is found on ON-type retinal bipolar cells, which has made the promoter region of mGluR6 a good candidate for cell-specific promoter-driven expression in bipolar cells (Ueda et al., Journal Neurosci., 1997; hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

Modified mGluR6 Promoters

Previous studies have utilized a basal SV40 promoter with a mGluR6 enhancer sequence (e.g., 200 bp) for AAV-mediated targeting and expression in the eye (Doroudchi et al., Mol. Ther., 2011, 19:1220-1229). However, the transgene expression by these constructs was weak, and not fully selective. The invention described herein is based upon the surprising discovery that use of a fragment of the mGluR6 promoter region (e.g., about 1 kb or 500 bp) results in increased expression compared to SV40-based constructs, and, importantly, more selective expression in specific cell populations.

The instant invention features modified mGluR6 promoters with increased efficiency and targeting transgene expression to bipolar cells. The promoters described herein were discovered by constructing various constructs with different combinations of regulatory elements present in the mGluR6 gene or predicted to be present. A modified mGluR6 promoter useful to achieve AAV-mediated selective and highly efficient expression in retinal bipolar cells was identified. As used herein, the term “modified mGluR6 promoter” refers to the combination of regulatory elements described herein that includes at least a 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer sequence and at least a fragment of the promoter region from mGluR6 gene (e.g., about a 1 kb or a 500 bp fragment). Optionally, the modified mGluR6 promoter also includes the intron sequences of the mGluR6 gene, e.g., intron 3 and intron 4. Exemplary modified mGluR6 constructs are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 .

The present invention provides a modified mGluR6 promoter that comprises at least a 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer. A preferred nucleic acid sequence for the murine 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer is provided below:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) gatcctccagatggctaaacttttaaatcatgaatgaagtagatattacc aaattgctttttcagcatccatttagataatcatgttttttgcctttaat ctgttaatgtagtgaattacagaaatacatttcctaaatcattacatccc ccaaatcgttaatctgctaaagtacatctctggctcaaacaagactggtt gtg

A preferred nucleic acid sequence for the human 198 bp mGluR6 enhancer (corresponding to the mouse 200 bp enhancer) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 2:

gatccttagattatgaaacatttacaattatgaatgaatattagatgtta tcaaatgctttttctgcatccatttagataatcatttttcctttaatctg ttaatgcggtgaattacattaatagatttcctaagtcattaatctgctaa agtgcatttctgggacaaaccagacttggttatgacattgtatgta

The modified mGluR6 promoter further comprises at least a fragment of the mGluR6 promoter region. A preferred example of this promoter region sequence consists of 11023 nucleotides (GenBank Accession No. BC041684). The original Ueda et al., study employed a 10 kb promoter, but the actual length of the promoter and the sequence that comprises control elements of mGluR6 can be adjusted by increasing or decreasing the fragment length. For example, a fragment of the promoter about 1 kb in length can be used as a mGluR6 promoter sequence. Promoter analysis can be used to identify promoter functional fragments and derivatives (McGowen at al. Mol. Vision 1998, 4:2; Bookstein et al. PNAS 1990, 87 (19) 7762-66).

The sequences provided herein are meant to be exemplary and in no way limit the scope of the invention. A person of ordinary skill in the art, in view of the instant disclosure, would be enabled to identify further suitable enhancer, promoter, transgene, and vector sequences.

For example, the mGluR6 promoter sequence used herein is a 1095 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter region. A nucleic acid sequence of the 1095 bp (about 1 kb) fragment of the murine mGluR6 promoter region is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 3:

taaccatgcacgctcgcacacgatagataatacatacaccaatatctgaa aagagaaaaggttctagtggtcaggacagagaatgaaaacggcaggaagg caagaaagtttgagaacgtagggggtggggtagggagacactacgagtgg aataagccacgtttggagaacgtctaggcagatacagaaatgcagaacac agagagaccgagaccagagcagcgtcagaccggctgcaaggctcttgtta ggggctttagaaacacctgtgtgctctcccggaagcctggtgcagtcaga gaggaagcttgcttcccagacagagatgacacagtttcacaacctgtcag accaccttgcaggagagactgaaccccagcaaccagaaccacttggctat gcatgtccttttctgtttaaacctaagtctctgaagaccgaccaggggag tccctggacttctttgttcctcttctcggggtggcgggactgattgtgta aatctcttatctccaactttcactcttatctgtctctttaatcggcatat tgaggatgagtggccaagcttattggtgttgctgggtcagacaatttaaa ggcagtctaggggagaagcagacccagggagtcagagaggcagagagaga agagagcccttcctccactctcaagctctggagggggtctctgccctcac cctcatccctccccagaatccttaaatcctctagactgtagctctgattt tacagctgtcacagactcgtcctactagccagaggttggctcaggtaagc accactggggaggtagcctagggtgcgctggggtgggtccagaggaagag ctgcccagaactgtgggggaaggagcgggaccgaccatcaacagggggac ttttcagggagaatgagagcaatcctctggaggcctgggagaggctgctg agttgctggtgcgcgagtcaccaacttttcctgcgctctcggtgtccggc cagaatcccgaagtggcagctgagcacggggtggcagcttcgtccgccgg ctctcaaggcgtcccggtaacttcctttcccgcagtccaggagca

A preferred nucleic acid sequence of the human 1784 promoter (corresponding to the mouse mGluR 1095 bp promoter) fragment of the human mGluR6 promoter region provided below in SEQ ID NO: 4:

caagcaggaggctgctgtgtgctgggagctgtcaggctcgtcctgaacag ggaagggcccatccacctcccaaacccagtttatgcagtccttcgcaatg tcaggctcagggcctggcaccagccaagctccccacccttcccactgtta aaatggataggagcagggctaggcccagcctgttgactctgggcttccac caggagaagtggttctggcagtagaaactatcggggcctgggagaggcgg gggaagagagaaaggtggcatgtttcttgcttgctccctctaccagcctt gtccaaatccccgcagccaccctaatccagcctgtctaatggagcccaag ccggctcaggccctcggacgaggagcctgctaatccctgtggctaggagc tcaccacctgtaccaggacgccdttgctctcttggcatcagagagccaaa tcctgggcctcggatggggggatgataaaagcatcttttggccaagcccc ctcaccttggcctccacgatgagatggggagttaggtgcagagagcgttg gcacagtgagcaccgcagctcgagtggctgcctcagacccagagcccgag gagactttatacggagccagaacgaccccgcggggttccatcctcccaag caataggcgggagtgggagctgcgaggaaagccggcccctcccctccctc catccaaggcagtgtgggctgtttgtttcatgccattctgggtgtgaatc ctgatgcccacacatgccagctgcatgcacttgggcaactcaactcactc ctcgagggctgtttctcgactgcagggtgttgtaagttcgctaatactaa aggcttctccctcctggcccdtcctgcccctcgctcttcctcctcttcct taggccctcccagctcaggcagcccctgccccctgcagggttctgcaagg agaaagctggggaataccttaggcaactgcagtcaggagcactggtggcc aggacagagacagagagacagaaaaggggtcagggacagagagagataac cgcagggagagacaggaagggacagagacagaaaagatttccaagaagag gacagaggcagaaagccagggacagagactgagaaacagagacctagagg cagaagaagactgagatagagatggacagagattgtgtcagacacagccc cagagacagccagacagtctgagtcagacgcaaaccaaagacaagaaaac aggaaaacagacccagagattgggagagggaggggaaggagatgcgggga gagccagcaccgccaccccccacactcaggaggggtctccaccctcggag cggtctctcatccctccctagaatccttaaatcctctctcgctcagggcc tcggccgcatctgtcacagacttgtcctgaaccgacagcggctggcgcag gtgactggcttggggcgggagcctgggtgtgcgctggggatggaccccga ggaagaggggccaagctgtcgggaagcggcagggctggaggggtggaggc agtggtcgggcgggaccccgggcgacagggttcggcgcttgtaagagcga gacggaggcccgggcaggccggctgagctaactccccagagccgaagtgg aaggcgcgccccgagcgccttctccccaggaccccggtgtccctccccgc gccccgagcccgcgctctccttcccccgccctcagagcgctccccgcccc tctgtctccccgcagcccgctagacgagccg

Preferably, the mGluR6 promoter sequence used herein is a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter region. The 500 bp fragment described in SEQ ID NO: 5 is encompassed by the 1095 bp fragment described above (SEQ ID NO: 3). The 500 bp fragment is preferred because it results in higher expression than the 1095 bp fragment. A nucleic acid sequence of the 500 bp murine mGluR6 promoter is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 5:

ttaaaggcagtctaggggagaagcagacccagggagtcagagaggcagag agagaagagagcccttcctccactctcaagctctggagggggtctctgcc ctcaccctcatccctccccagaatccttaaatcctctagactgtagctct gattttacagctgtcacagactcgtcctactagccagaggttggctcagg taagcaccactggggaggtagcctagggtgcgctggggtgggtccagagg aagagctgcccagaactgtgggggaaggagcgggaccgaccatcaacagg gggacttttcagggagaatgagagcaatcctctggaggcctgggagaggc tgctgagttgctggtgcgcgagtcaccaacttttcctgcgctctcggtgt ccggccagaatcccgaagtggcagctgagcacggggtggcagcttcgtcc gccggctctcaaggcgtcccggtaacttcctttcccgcagtccaggagca

A preferred nucleic acid sequence of the 547 bp human mGluR6 promoter, is encompassed by the 1784 bp fragment described above (SEQ ID NO: 4), and is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 6:

ccaaagacaagaaaacaggaaaacagacccagagattgggagagggaggg gaaggagatgcggggagagccagcaccgccaccccccacactcaggaggg gtctccaccctcggagcggtctctcatccctccctagaatccttaaatcc tctctcgctcagggcctcggccgcatctgtcacagacttgtcctgaaccg acagcggctggcgcaggtgactggcttggggcgggagcctgggtgtgcgc tggggatggaccccgaggaagaggggccaagctgtcgggaagcggcaggg ctggaggggtggaggcagtggtcgggcgggaccccgggcgacagggttcg gcgcttgtaagagcgagacggaggcccgggcaggccggctgagctaactc cccagagccgaagtggaaggcgcgccccgagcgccttctccccaggaccc cggtgtccctccccgcgccccgagcccgcgctctccttcccccgccctca gagcgctccccgcccctctgtctccccgcagcccgctagacgagccg

The modified mGluR6 promoters described herein may also include intron sequences from the mGluR6 gene. Preferably, introns 3 and 4 are included. The nucleic acid sequence of intron 4 of the murine mGluR6 gene is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 7:

ggtgagtcccccaccccactcatcctccctgatgcttcctgtgtgggatg ctcatttccacatttgtctcggagtcccacatgctgagtaactctgagat ttgctttaaaatgccatgcaggtaatttaaatgggaaggtctgatccaag tgatgaagtgcagccttgatagcatgcttcctccgccctcccacaggctt ccatcttttgtggggtgcccacctccacaccttttcttttagctagagtg gtcaagtggacaagctggtcattagcaatcaaggcgtttcagatctggaa gtgggtggtgccattatggatcagtgagccctgtattttttgtgcctctg cacaaggtgggtagtgaagccctgtccattacataaccatggcatcccct agccatgacataaagggcagtgaaaaattctttaaggatgccagagctgc tttttccatttgtgtgtatgcgtgcaggtgtgtgttgtacatgacacaag tgtatgtgtgtgcatgtggaggcctgaggttgatttcaggaatcatcctc aattctttttctaccttattcactgaggcagggtctgtggagagatcacc gatatggctactgtgggattcccctgtctctgccttcagagccactcctg gatacacagtacacctggctcagatggtcaccaccctcct

The nucleic acid sequence of intron 4 of the human mGluR6 gene (corresponding to the mouse intron 4) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 8:

tcccccaccccacacgtctccccagcaccccctcttggggatgctcattt tctgcatctgtgtaattggtgccataatccagatcccttctcagatcccc agatcctatgagtccgatcatctgtggacgcgtccctccaagcagcgctt gactgggatggcgtgcgaggaaagcacgctgacggggaggaattgttggg tttttggttttgtttcttaatttagtgcctgtatttctagaaaccaagga tacggaatataccatcctggtgatcagagtgatgaggcaggaacagatgg ctcactttacaataggattgctcattttccccaagttgatgacatccttc agggctattttatgaaacacattagggggatatataccatcacgcctggt gcaggtggcagcctggactgagagtagttttagcgataaaggcatctcat cacaagacaggaggtctgagagttggtgactttaggcatggggcagtgag tgtgtggttgccttgggtcttcctgcatagtcacaagatggctgctgagg ctccacccattacatcttcacagcagcatcctaacaggaaagagaggctc tgagtttgcatcagcatgtaagtgcccaccaatcagaacttggtcacctg gccacgcctagctcacctggctcacctggccacgcctaactcacctggcc actcctagctcacctggccatgcctagttcacctggccactcctagctca cctggccactcctagctgaaagtgagcaagtggcagaaacacaccctccc ccttctt

The nucleic acid sequence of intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 9:

actccaggccatgagcaactcctcacatctccctaagcccttcctgtcgc cctctggagtcttttgttctgggaatgagacaggcttgactggctgaagg ttctccgggcctggcctgggaaacacaggaaaacacgactatttttattg ttcattgtgggagagagaactggtaggcaaacccaagagcagaaaatgta ccgtgagggacactgccccagtaaaccctgaaacctacattatcctaagc cagccaaggttcttttccagcctgggaagttgagcgtgacattggtggct gaatttgtagacagaatggcttctgagtgcccctgacattccccaaaagg aggctctctgcattaatccatttgtctttattataataaaatatccaagt cagggcgttttttaaggaaaagacttatttttaacatcaactcttggagg tgaaagttcaggcagcgtgacaccagctctgctgaggacctagcttgcat cacattttgacaaatgttatggaaagagggagtagagaaggaaagagtgc atggagagaaggaacatcagaaagaagagggacagggttcactctttgat agctattcaccttcacagaattacctcacccttccagaggtcaagagcaa catccccagtgacccaataaccttgcactaagccacacctcttttttatt ttttatgagacagggcctcactctgtatccctgaacttgctatgtggacc aagctgtcctcttgagtgctgggattaaaggcattcagtatcagggctgg tttataa

The nucleic acid sequence of intron 3 of the human mGluR6 gene (corresponding to the mouse intron 3) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 10:

gggacagtggcacaatcaccgggcccctggggctctccctgagggtccca cccctcctcttgcacatcgccaccttacacactctccctgcctccctttc ccctgctccccgcaccccccaccttccctgctgctgcctctgagtctggt gcccaggctcagaagcagcctggtctggggagatgccacaagcccagact gaatagcgcacagaacatgtgtctgtgtttacagctcctgggggtgcggg gagggacctgtgggcagaacctagtgcagaaaatgagctgtgagggaagg agcccagggtccatacagaggctgcggaccccagcccgagacccaccggc ccgagttcatctccagcctaggaggctgggtgtgacgctggtggaggcat gtggggaggggctggcttcgaactggattttcccccaaggagtccctctg aaccccctgaacagtgggttacagtgggcagagcaagtgggcaggcctag ggtcagaggaaagcccagggaaggtgccctaaatgcccccggccccgttt ttcctgagaaacaaggatctggtgagtgattatagagcaggggagatgga tagagtgggaagggatgggggccgagctggaggaggctcccaggccctcc ctcaccccagccctgctcctacc

Variants of the regulatory elements encompassed by the mGluR6 promoters described herein are also encompassed by the present invention. For example, a variant may have 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequences described herein. The term “% identity,” in the context of two or more nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using one of the following sequence comparison algorithms or by visual inspection. For example, % identity is relative to the entire length of the coding regions of the sequences being compared.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are input into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identity for the test sequence(s) relative to the reference sequence, based on the designated program parameters. Percent identity is determined using search algorithms such as BLAST and PSI-BLAST (Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:3, 403-410; Altschul et al., 1997, Nucleic Acids Res. 25:17, 3389-402).

For example, the mGluR6 enhancer is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6 promoter variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6. The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the mGluR6 enhancer comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6 promoter comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6. The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In other embodiments, the intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene is located upstream of the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene in the present invention. The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is located upstream of the mGluR6 enhancer in the present invention. The mGluR6 enhancer is located upstream of the mGluR6 promoter in the present invention.

For example, the mGluR6 enhancer is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6 promoter variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6. The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene variant is at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% identical to SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In one embodiment, the mGluR6 enhancer comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 2. The mGluR6 promoter comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 5, or SEQ ID NO: 6. The intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 or SEQ ID NO: 8. The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene comprises the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 10.

In other embodiments, the intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene is located upstream of the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene in the present invention. The intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is located upstream of the mGluR6 enhancer in the present invention. The mGluR6 enhancer is located upstream of the mGluR6 promoter in the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer is located upstream of the sequence from the mGluR6 promoter region. In another preferred embodiment, the intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene is upstream of the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene, the intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene is upstream of the mGluR6 enhancer, and the mGluR6 enhancer is upstream of the mGluR6 promoter. The entire modified mGluR6 promoter (e.g., including the mGluR6 enhancer, mGluR6 promoter, and mGluR6 intron sequences) is located upstream of a particular transgene of interest to drive its expression. Alternatively, other orders or combinations of the regulatory elements may be advantageous for improving expression or targeting of the transgene.

The present invention further provides expression cassettes comprising the modified mGluR6 promoters described herein.

Transgenes

The expression of transgenes in the damaged or diseased retinas may be useful for improving or restoring vision. Transgenes of particular interest for restoration of photosensitivity or vision include photosensitive proteins, such as opsin genes or rhodopsin genes. As used herein, “transgene” refers to polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of interest, wherein the polynucleotide is encapsidated in a viral vector (e.g., rAAV).

The opsin family of genes includes vertebrate (animal) and invertebrate opsins. Animal opsins are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with 7-transmembrane helices which regulate the activity of ion channels. Invertebrate rhodopsins are usually not GPCRs but are light-sensitive or light-activated ion pumps or ion channels.

As referred to herein, an opsin gene or light-sensitive protein includes channelrhodopsins (e.g., ChR1, ChR2, vChR1 from Volvox carteri, vChR2, and other variants identified from any vertebrate, invertebrate, or microbe), halorhodopsins (NpHR), melanopsins, pineal opsins, bacteriorhodopsin, and functional variants, active binding fragments, or chimeras thereof. A light-sensitive protein of this invention can occur naturally in plant, animal, archaebacterial, algal, or bacterial cells, or can alternatively be created through laboratory techniques. Examples of opsin genes are discussed in further detail below.

Examples of channelrhodopsins as transgenes in the present invention include channelrhodopsins Chop1 (also known as ChR1) (GenBank accession number AB058890/AF385748) and Chop2 (also known as ChR2) (GenBank accession number AB058891/AF461397), as well as mutant ChR2 C128A, ChR2 C128S, ChR2 C128T, ChR1-ChR2 hybrids/chimeras, and variants thereof.

Chop1 and Chop2 are two rhodopsins from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Nagel, 2002; Nagel, 2003). Both are light-sensitive channels that, when expressed and activated in neural tissue, allow for a cell to be depolarized when stimulated with light (Boyden, 2005). The full length amino acid sequence of Chop1 is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 11:

MSRRPWLLALALAVALAAGSAGASTGSDATVPVATQDGPDYVFHRAHERM LFQTSYTLENNGSVICIPNNGQCFCLAWLKSNGTNAEKLAANILQWITFA LSALCLMFYGYQTWKSTCGWEEIYVATIEMIKFIIEYFHEFDEPAVIYSS NGNKTVWLRYAEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLANDYNKRTMGLLVSDIGTIV WGTTAALSKGYVRVIFFLMGLCYGIYTFFNAAKVYIEAYHTVPKGICRDL VRYLAWLYFCSWAMFPVLFLLGPEGFGHINQFNSAIAHAILDLASKNAWS MMGHFLRVKIHEHILLYGDIRKKQKVNVAGQEMEVETMVHEEDDETQKVP TAKYANRDSFIIMRDRLKEKGFETRASLDGDPNGDAEANAAAGGKPGMEM GKMTGMGMGMGAGMGMATIDSGRVILAVPDISMVDFFREQFARLPVPYEL VPALGAENTLQLVQQAQSLGGCDFVLMHPEFLRDRSPTGLLPRLKMGGQR AAAFGWAAIGPMRDLIEGSGVDGWLEGPSFGAGINQQALVALINRMQQAK KMGMMGGMGMGMGGGMGMGMGMGMGMAPSMNAGMTGGMGGASMGGAVMGM GMGMQPMQQAMPAMSPMMTQQPSMMSQPSAMSAGGAMQAMGGVMPSPAPG GRVGTNPLFGSAPSPLSSQPGISPGMATPPAATAAPAAGGSEAEMLQQLM SEINRLKNELGE

The full length amino acid sequence of Chop2 is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 12:

MDYGGALSAVGRELLFVTNPVVVNGSVLVPEDQCYCAGWIESRGTNGAQT ASNVLQWLAAGFSILLLMFYAYQTWKSTCGWEEIYVCAIEMVKVILEFFF EFKNPSMLYLATGHRVQWLRYAEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLSNDYSRRTM GLLVSDIGTIVWGATSAMATGYVKVIFFCLGLCYGANTFFHAAKAYIEGY HTVPKGRCRQVVTGMAWLFFVSWGMFPILFILGPEGFGVLSVYGSTVGHT IIDLMSKNCWGLLGHYLRVLIHEHILIHGDIRKTTKLNIGGTEIEVETLV EDEAEAGAVNKGTGKYASRESFLVMRDKMKEKGIDVRASLDNSKEVEQEQ AARAAMMMMNGNGMGMGMGMNGMNGMGGMNGMAGGAKPGLELTPQLQPGR VILAVPDISMVDFFREQFAQLSVTYELVPALGADNTLALVTQAQNLGGVD FVLIHPEFLRDRSSTSILSRLRGAGQRVAAFGWAQLGPMRDLIESANLDG WLEGPSFGQGILPAHIVALVAKMQQMRKMQQMQQIGMMTGGMNGMGGGMG GGMNGMGGGNGMNNMGNGMGGGMGNGMGGNGMNGMGGGNGMNNMGGNGMA GNGMGGGMGGNGMGGSMNGMSSGVVANVTPSAAGGMGGMMNGGMAAPQSP GMNGGRLGTNPLFNAAPSPLSSQLGAEAGMGSMGGMGGMSGMGGMGGMGG MGGAGAATTQAAGGNAEAEMLQNLMNEINRLKRELGE

A Chop2 fragment (315 amino acids) has been shown to efficiently increase photosensitivity and vision in murine models of photoreceptor degeneration (Bi et al., Neuron, 2006, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,470,790; both of which are hereby incorporated by reference). The amino acid sequence of this fragment is provided in below in SEQ ID NO: 13:

MDYGGALSAVGRELLFVTNPVVVNGSVLVPEDQCYCAGWIESRGTNGAQT ASNVLQWLAAGFSILLLMFYAYQTWKSTCGWEEIYVCAIEMVKVILEFFF EFKNPSMLYLATGHRVQWLRYAEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLSNDYSRRTM GLLVSDIGTIVWGATSAMATGYVKVIFFCLGLCYGANTFFHAAKAYIEGY HTVPKGRCRQVVTGMAWLFFVSWGMFPILFILGPEGFGVLSVYGSTVGHT IIDLMSKNCWGLLGHYLRVLIHEHILIHGDIRKTTKLNIGGTEIEVETLV EDEAEAGAVNKGTGK

Chop2 mutants and variants as described in PCT Publication WO 2013/134295 (hereby incorporated by reference) may also be expressed using the promoters described herein. Any ChRs, or microbial opsins, or other genetically encoded light sensors or switches, presently known or as yet undiscovered, are useful in generating the compositions and practicing the methods of the invention.

Other suitable transgenes include Volvox carteri channelrhodopsins (e.g., vChR1 and vChR2). The amino acid sequence of vChR1, GenBank Accession No. EU285658.1, is provided in below in SEQ ID NO: 14:

MDYPVARSLIVRYPTDLGNGTVCMPRGQCYCEGWLRSRGTSIEKTIAITL QWVVFALSVACLGWYAYQAWRATCGWEEVYVALIEMMKSIIEAFHEFDSP ATLWLSSGNGVVWMRYGEWLLTCPVLLIHLSNLTGLKDDYSKRTMGLLVS DVGCIVWGATSAMCTGWTKILFFLISLSYGMYTYFHAAKVYIEAFHTVPK GICRELVRVMAWTFFVAWGMFPVLFLLGTEGFGHISPYGSAIGHSILDLI AKNMWGVLGNYLRVKIHEHILLYGDIRKKQKITIAGQEMEVETLVAEEED DTVKQSTAKYASRDSFITMRNRMREKGLEVRASLDAGGGDSGMEAGGGGA AHAQPHMAKPGTELGKTMSASFTNGAATSLEPGRVILAVPDISMVDFFRE QFAQLPVPYEVVPALGAENTVQLVQQAAMLGGCDFVLMHPEFLRDRGPTG LLPQVKMMGQRTAAFGWSQMGPMRDLIESSGVGAWLEGPSFGSGISQAAL QQLVVKMQQAKRMAAMGSMMGGGMGNGMGMGMGMGMGMGMGNGMGNGMGM GNGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGNGM GMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGMGNGMGMGNGMGNGMGNGMGNGM GNGMGMMTPGAMGMGMGGMGNLAAAAGNAMYGGGGGGGGSTMGSGNAAMM TGLVMGGGNGVGAGPGGVVANLGSSALQPQSQMMGGGNVVGMSSPQLQLQ QSSSMPLGGLAPNRIGNNPLFGAAPSPLHSQPGASPTGLSSPQLGMGAML PAGTSVGAGGGSVGPTETDMLQQLMTEINRLKDELGE

The amino acid sequence of vChR2 is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 15:

MDHPVARSLIGSSYTNLNNGSIVIPSDACFCMKWLKSKGSPVALKMANAL QWAAFALSVIILIYYAYATWRTTCGWEEVYVCCVELTKVVIEFFHEFDEP GMLYLANGNRVLWLRYGEWLLTCPVILIHLSNLTGLKDDYNKRTMRLLVS DVGTIVWGATAAMSTGYIKVIFFLLGCMYGANTFFHAAKVYIESYHTVPK GLCRQLVRAMAWLFFVSWGMFPVLFLLGPEGFGHLSVYGSTIGHTIIDLL SKNCWGLLGHFLRLKIHEHILLYGDIRKVQKIRVAGEELEVETLMTEEAP DTVKKSTAQYANRESFLTMRDKLKEKGFEVRASLDNSGIDAVINHNNNYN NALANAAAAVGKPGMELSKLDHVAANAAGMGGIADHVATTSGAISPGRVI LAVPDISMVDYFREQFAQLPVQYEVVPALGADNAVQLVVQAAGLGGCDFV LLHPEFLRDKSSTSLPARLRSIGQRVAAFGWSPVGPVRDLIESAGLDGWL EGPSFGLGISLPNLASLVLRMQHARKMAAMLGGMGGMLGSNLMSGSGGVG LMGAGSPGGGGGAMGVGMTGMGMVGTNAMGRGAVGNSVANASMGGGSAGM GMGMMGMVGAGVGGQQQMGANGMGPTSFQLGSNPLYNTAPSPLSSQPGGD ASAAAAAAAAAAATGAASNSMNAMQAGGSVRNSGILAGGLGSMMGPPGAP AAPTAAATAAPAVTMGAPGGGGAAASEAEMLQQLMAEINRLKSELGE

NpHR (Halorhodopsin) (GenBank accession number EF474018) is from the haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natronomonas pharaonis. The amino acid sequence of NpHR is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 16:

MTETLPPVTESAVALQAEVTQRELFEFVLNDPLLASSLYINIALAGLSIL LFVFMTRGLDDPRAKLIAVSTILVPVVSIASYTGLASGLTISVLEMPAGH FAEGSSVMLGGEEVDGVVTMWGRYLTWALSTPMILLALGLLAGSNATKLF TAITFDIAMCVTGLAAALTTSSHLMRWFWYAISCACFLVVLYILLVEWAQ DAKAAGTADMFNTLKLLTVVMWLGYPIVWALGVEGIAVLPVGVTSWGYSF LDIVAKYIFAFLLLNYLTSNESVVSGSILDVPSASGTPADD

In certain embodiments variants of NpHR can be created. In specific embodiments single or multiple point mutations to the NpHR protein can result in NpHR variants. In specific embodiments a mammalian codon optimized version of NpHR can be utilized. In one embodiment NpHR variants are utilized. In one specific embodiment eNpHR (enhanced NpHR) is utilized. Addition of the amino acids FCYENEV (SEQ ID NO: 38) to the NpHR C-terminus along with the signal peptide from a β subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor to the NpHR N-terminus results in the construction of eNpHR.

Melanopsin (GenBank accession number 6693702) is a photopigment found in specialized photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina that are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms, pupillary light reflex, and other non-visual responses to light. In structure, melanopsin is an opsin, a retinylidene protein variety of G-protein-coupled receptor. Melanopsin resembles invertebrate opsins in many respects, including its amino acid sequence and downstream signaling cascade. Like invertebrate opsins, melanopsin appears to be a bistable photopigment, with intrinsic photoisomerase activity. In certain embodiments variants of melanopsin can be created and used in the invention. In specific embodiments single or multiple point mutations to the melanopsin protein can result in melanopsin variants. The amino acid sequence of Mus musculus melanopsin (GenBank accession number 6693702) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 17:

MDSPSGPRVLSSLTQDPSFTTSPALQGIWNGTQNVSVRAQLLSVSPTTSA HQAAAWVPFPTVDVPDHAHYTLGTVILLVGLTGMLGNLTVIYTFCRNRGL RTPANMFIINLAVSDFLMSVTQAPVFFASSLYKKWLFGETGCEFYAFCGA VFGITSMITLTAIAMDRYLVITRPLATIGRGSKRRTALVLLGVWLYALAW SLPPFFGWSAYVPEGLLTSCSWDYMTFTPQVRAYTMLLFCFVFFLPLLII IFCYIFIFRAIRETGRACEGCGESPLRQRRQWQRLQSEWKMAKVALIVIL LFVLSWAPYSTVALVAFAGYSHILTPYMSSVPAVIAKASAIHNPIIYAIT HPKYRVAIAQHLPCLGVLLGVSGQRSHPSLSYRSTHRSTLSSQSSDLSWI SGRKRQESLGSESEVGWTDTETTAAWGAAQQASGQSFCSQNLEDGELKAS SSPQVQRSKTPKVPGPSTCRPMKGQGARPSSLRGDQKGRLAVCTGLSECP HPHTSQFPLAFLEDDVTLRHL

The amino acid sequence of Homo sapiens melanopsin (GenBank accession number BC113558.1) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 18:

MNPPSGPRVLPSPTQEPSCMATPAPPSWWDSSQSSISSLGRLPSISPTAP GTWAAAWVPLPTVDVPDHAHYTLGTVILLVGLTGMLGNLTVIYTFCRSRS LRTPANMFIINLAVSDFLMSFTQAPVFFTSSLYKQWLFGETGCEFYAFCG ALFGISSMITLTAIALDRYLVITRPLATFGVASKRRAAFVLLGVWLYALA WSLPPFFGWSAYVPEGLLTSCSWDYMSFTPAVRAYTMLLCCFVFFLPLLI IIYCYIFIFRAIRETGRALQTFGACKGNGESLWQRQRLQSECKMAKIMLL VILLFVLSWAPYSAVALVAFAGYAHVLTPYMSSVPAVIAKASAIHNPIIY AITHPKYRVAIAQHLPCLGVLLGVSRRHSRPYPSYRSTHRSTLTSHTSNL SWISIRRRQESLGSESEVGWTHMEAAAVWGAAQQANGRSLYGQGLEDLEA KAPPRPQGHEAETPGKTKGLIPSQDPRM

Other suitable channel proteins of the invention include ChD, ChEF, ChF, ChIEF, and variants thereof.

Light-sensitive proteins may also include proteins that are at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% identical to any of the light-sensitive proteins described herein (e.g., ChR1, ChR2, vChR1, vChR2, NpHR and melanopsin). The light-sensitive proteins of the present invention may also include proteins that have at least one mutation. The mutation may be a point mutation.

In some embodiments, light-sensitive proteins can modulate signaling within neural circuits and bidirectionally control behavior of ionic conductance at the level of a single neuron. In some embodiments the neuron is a retinal neuron, a retinal bipolar cell (e.g. ON or OFF retinal bipolar cells; rod and cone bipolar cells), a retinal ganglion cell, a photoreceptor cell, or a retinal amacrine cell.

In some embodiments, a polyA tail can be inserted downstream of the transgene in an expression cassette or nucleic acid expression vector of the present invention. Suitable polyA tails are known in the art, and include, for example, human growth hormone poly A tail (hGHpA), bovine growth hormone polyA tail (bGHpA), bovine polyA, SV40 polyA, and AV40 pA. The nucleic acid sequence of hGHpA is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 19:

gtcgagagatctacgggtggcatccctgtgacccctccccagtgcctctc ctggccctggaagttgccactccagtgcccaccagccttgtcctaataaa attaagttgcatcattttgtctgactaggtgtccttctataatattatgg ggtggaggggggtggtatggagcaaggggcaagttgggaagacaacctgt agggcctgcggggtctattgggaaccaagctggagtgcagtggcacaatc ttggctcactgcaatctccgcctcctgggttcaagcgattctcctgcctc agcctcccgagttgttgggattccaggcatgcatgaccaggctcagctaa tttttgtttttttggtagagacggggtttcaccatattggccaggctggt ctccaactcctaatctcaggtgatctacccaccttggcctcccaaattgc tgggattacaggcgtgaaccactgctcccttccctgtccttctgattttg taggtaaccacgtg Vectors

The modified mGluR6 promoter sequences may be inserted into various different nucleic acid expression vectors. Vectors for use in the present invention can include various viral vectors, such as plasmids and recombinant viruses, e.g., recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV), recombinant adenoviruses, recombinant retroviruses, recombinant lentiviruses, and other viruses known in the art.

Adeno-associated viruses are small, single-stranded DNA viruses which require helper virus to facilitate efficient replication. The 4.7 kb genome of AAV is characterized by two inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and two open reading frames which encode the Rep proteins and Cap proteins, respectively. The Rep reading frame encodes four proteins of molecular weight 78 kD, 68 kD, 52 kD and 40 kD. These proteins function mainly in regulating AAV replication and rescue and integration of the AAV into a host cell's chromosomes. The Cap reading frame encodes three structural proteins of molecular weight 85 kD (VP 1), 72 kD (VP2) and 61 kD (VP3) (Berns, cited above) which form the virion capsid. More than 80% of total proteins in AAV virion comprise VP3.

The genome of rAAV generally comprises: (1) a 5′adeno-associated virus ITR, (2) a coding sequence (e.g., transgene) for the desired gene product (e.g., a light-sensitive protein) operatively linked to a sequence which regulates its expression in a cell (e.g., a modified mGluR6 promoter sequence), and (3) a 3′adeno-associated virus inverted terminal repeat. In addition, the rAAV vector may preferably contain a polyadenylation sequence.

Generally, rAAV vectors have one copy of the AAV ITR at each end of the transgene or gene of interest, in order to allow replication, packaging, and efficient integration into cell chromosomes. The ITR consists of nucleotides 1 to 145 at the 5′end of the AAV DNA genome, and nucleotides 4681 to 4536 (e.g., the same sequence) at the 3′end of the AAV DNA genome. The rAAV vector may also include at least 10 nucleotides following the end of the ITR (e.g., a portion of the “D region”).

The transgene sequence (e.g., the polynucleotide encoding a light-sensitive protein) can be of about 2 to 5 kb in length (or alternatively, the transgene may additionally contain a “stuffer” or “filler” sequence to bring the total size of the nucleic acid sequence between the two ITRs to between 2 and 5 kb). Alternatively, the transgene may be composed of repeated copies of the same or similar heterologous sequence several times (e.g., two nucleic acid molecules which encode one or more light-sensitive proteins separated by a ribosome readthrough, or alternatively, by an Internal Ribosome Entry Site or “IRES”), or several different heterologous sequences.

In one embodiment the vector comprises a recombinant AAV of a particular serotype, either naturally occurring or engineered. Adeno-associated viruses have been found in many animal species, including primates, canines, fowl and human. Presently, there are 12 different known serotypes, e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, and AAV12, all of which are appropriate for use in the present invention. Recombinant AAV vectors of the present invention may be generated from a variety of adeno-associated viruses, including for example, any of serotypes 1 through 12, as described herein. For example, ITRs from any AAV serotype are expected to have similar structures and functions with regard to replication, integration, excision, and transcriptional mechanisms.

For example, the nucleic acid expression vector of the present invention is an adeno-associated virus vector or a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector. In preferred embodiments, the vector is a recombinant AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, or AAV12 vector. In certain embodiments the AAV vector is of a wild-type serotype or variant of any of AAV1-AAV12, or a mutant, hybrid, or fragment thereof. In other embodiments, the AAV vector is of a natural serotype or variant/mutant thereof that has yet to be discovered.

Viral and virus-like particles contemplated by the invention may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art, as well as those developed in the future. Virus producing cell lines and virus-like particle producing cell lines having the ability to produce sufficiently large quantities of virus are transfected with the vectors of the invention. Preferred production methods include, but are not limited to, the baculovirus expression vector system/insect cells and HEK 293 host cells. Other methods and host cell are suitable, such as those described in the art. See, e.g., Vicente, T. “Virus production for clinical gene therapy,” Methods Mol. Biol., vol. 542:447-70 (2009).

The rAAV vector may also contain additional sequences, for example from an adenovirus, which assist in effecting a desired function for the vector. Such sequences include, for example, those which assist in packaging the rAAV vector into virus particles. Packaging cell lines suitable for producing adeno-associated viral vectors may be accomplished given available techniques (U.S. Pat. No. 5,872,005). Methods for constructing and packaging rAA7I vectors are described in, for example, WO 00/54813.

In other embodiments, the AAV vectors used with the present invention, e.g., a packaging vector, comprise a capsid protein. Suitable capsid proteins include, but are not limited to:

an AAV1 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYK YLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFE RLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQE PDSSSGIGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPATPAAVGTTM ASGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNASGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYN NHLYKQISSASTGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNN WGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTTNDGVTTIANNLTSTVQVFSDSEYQLPYV LGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLR TGNNFTFSYTFEEVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLNRTQNQSGS AQNKDLLFSRGSPAGMSVQPKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTKTNNNSNFTWTGA SKYNLNGRESIINPGTAMASHKDDEDKFFPMSGVMIFGKESAGASNTALD NVMITDEEEIKATNPVATERFGTVAVNFQSSTDPATGDVHAMGALPGMVW QDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKNPPPQILIKNTPVPAN PPAEFSATKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEVQYTSNYAKS ANVDFTVDNNGLYTEPRPIGTRYLTRPL an AAV2 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24:

AADGYLPDWLEDTLSEGIRQWWKLKPGPPPPKPAERHKDDSRGLVLPGYK YLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDRQLDSGDNPYLKYNHADAEFE RLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEPVKTAPGKKRPVEHSPVE PDSSSGTGKAGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDADSVPDPQPLGQPPAAPSGLGNTM ATGSGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSTWMGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYN NHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNW GFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVL GSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRT GNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTNTPSGTT TQSRLQFSQAGASDIRDQSRNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTSANNNSEYSWTGAT KYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEKFFPQSGVLIFGKQGSEKTNVDIEK VMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGSVSTNLQRNRQAATADVNTQGVLPGMVWQ DRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPANP STTFSAAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKSV NVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL an AAV3 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGVPQPKANQQHQDNRRGLVLPGYK YLGPGNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFE RLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRILEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKGAVDQSPQE PDSSSGVGKSGKQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPTSLGNTM ASGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYN NHLYKQISSQSGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNW GFRPKKLSFKLFNIQVRGVTQNDGTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSEYQLPYVL GSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMVPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLRT GNNFQFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLNRTQGTTSGT TNQSRLLFSQAGPQSMSLQARNWLPGPCYRQQRLSKTANNNNSNFPWTAA SKYHLNGRDSLVNPGPAMASHKDDEEKFFPMHGNLIFGKEGTTASNAELD NVMITDEEEIRTTNPVATEQYGTVANNLQSNTAPTTGTVNHQGALPGMVW QDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQIMIKNTPVPAN PPTTFSPAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYNKS VNVDFTVDTNGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL an AAV4 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26:

MTDGYLPDWLEDNLSEGVREWWALQPGAPKPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYK YLGPGNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFQ RLQGDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEQAGETAPGKKRPLIESPQQ PDSSTGIGKKGKQPAKKKLVFEDETGAGDGPPEGSTSGAMSDDSMRAAAG GAAVEGGQGADGVGNASGDWHCDSTWSEGHVTTTSTRTWVLPTYNNHLYK RLGESLQSNTYNGFSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNNWGMRPKAMR VKIFNIQVKEVTTSNGETTVANNLTSTVQIFADSSYELPYVMDAGQEGSL PPFPNDVFMVPQYGYCGLVTGNTSQQQTDRNAFYCEYFPSQMLRTGNNFE ITYSFEKVPFHSMYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLWGLQSTTTGTTLNAGTAT TNFTKLRPTNFSNFKKNWLPGPSIKQQGFSKTANNYKIPATGSDSLIKYE THSTLDGRWSALTPGPPMATAGPADSKFSNSQLIFAGPKQNGNTATVPGT LIFTSEEELAATNATDTDMWGNLPGGDQSSNLPTVDRLTALGAVPGMVWQ NRDIYYQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLIGGFGLKHPPPQIFIKNTPVPANP ATTFSSTPVNSFITQYSTGQVSVQIDWEQKERSKRWNPEVQFTSNYGQQN SLLWAPDAAGKYTEPRAIGTRYLTHHL an AAV5 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27:

SFVDHPPDWLEEVGEGLREFLGLEAGPPKPKPNQQHQDQARGLVLPGYNY LGPGNGLDRGEPVNRADEVAREHDISYNEQLEAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFEK LADDTSFGGNLGKAVFQAKKRVLEPFGLVEEGAKTAPTGKRIDDHFPKRK KARTEEDSKPSTSSDAEAGPSGSQQLQIPAQPASSLGDTMSAGGGGPLGD NNQGADGVGNASGDWHCDSTWMGDRVVTKSTRTWVLPSYNNHQYREIKSG SVDGSNANAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHSHWSPRDWQLINNYWGFRPRSLRV KIFNIQVKEVTVQDSTTTIANNLTSTVQVFTDDDYQLPYVVGNGTEGCLP AFPPQVFTLPQYGYATLNRDNTENPTERSSFFCEYFPSKMLRTGNNFEFT YNFEEVPFHSSFAPSQNLFKLANPLVDQYLYRFVSTNNTGGVQFNKNLAG RYANTYKNWFPGPMGRTQGWNLGSGNRASVSAFATTNRMELEGASYQVPP QPNGMTNNLQGSNTYALENTMIFNSQPANPGTTATYLEGNMLITSESETQ PVNRVAYNVGGQMATNNQSTTAPATGTYNLQEIVPGSVWMERDVYLQGPI WAKIPETGAHFHPSPAMGGFGLKHPPPMMLIKNTPVPGNITSFSDVPVSS FITQYSTGQVTVEMEWEKKENSKRWNPEIQYTNNYNDPQFVDFAPDSTGE YRTTRPIGTRYLTRPL an AAV6 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 28:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYK YLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFE RLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPFGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQE PDSSSGIGKTGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPATPAAVGTTM ASGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNASGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYN NHLYKQISSASTGASNDNHYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINNN WGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTTNDGVTTIANNLTSTVQVFSDSEYQLPYV LGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQMLR TGNNFTFSYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLNRTQNQSGS AQNKDLLFSRGSPAGMSVQPKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSKTKTNNNSNFTWTGA SKYNLNGRESIINPGTAMASHKDDKDKFFPMSGVMIFGKESAGASNTALD NVMITDEEEIKATNPVATERFGTVAVNLQSSTDPATGDVHVMGALPGMVW QDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPAN PPAEFSATKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEVQYTSNYAKS ANVDFTVDNNGLYTEPRPIGTRYLTRPL an AAV7 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 29:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDNGRGLVLPGYK YLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFE RLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPAKKRPVEPSPQR SPDSSTGIGKKGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSSVGGT VAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGNASGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTY NNHLYKQISSETAGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINN NWGFRPKKLRFKLFNIQVKEVTTNDGVTTIANNLTSTIQVFSDSEYQLPY VLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQSVGRSSFYCEYFPSQML RTGNNFEFSYSFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLARTQSNPG GTAGNRELQFYQGGPSTMAEQAKNWLPGPCFRQQRVSKTLDNNNSNFAWT GATKYHLNGRNSLVNPGVAMATHKDDEDRFFPSSGVLIFGKTGATNKTTL ENVLMTNEEEIRPTNPVATEEYGIVSSNLQANTAAQTQVVNNQGALPGMV WQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVPA NPPEVFTPAKFASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNFEK QTGVDFAVDSQGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL an AAV8 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGYK YLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLQAGDNPYLRYNHADAEFE RLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEPSPQR SPDSSTGIGKKGQQPARKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPLGEPPAAPSGVGNT MAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTY NNHLYKQISNGTSGGATNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLIN NNWGFRPKRLSFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSEYQLP YVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQM LRTGNNFQFTYTFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSRTQTTG GTANTQTLGFSQGGPNTMANQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTTGNNNSNFAWT AGTKYHLNGRNSLANPGIAMATHKDDEERFFPSNGILIFGKQNAARDNAD YSDVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEEYGIVADNLQQNTAPQIGTVNSQGALPGM VWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQILIKNTPVP ADPPTTFNQSKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYY KSTSVDFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL an AAV9 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31:

AADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLVLPGYK YLGPGNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLKYNHADAEFE RLKEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRLLEPLGLVEEAAKTAPGKKRPVEQSPQE PDSSAGIGKSGAQPAKKRLNFGQTGDTESVPDPQPIGEPPAAPSGVGLTM ASGGGAPVADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSQWLGDRVITTSTRTWALPTYN NHLYKQISNSTSGGSSNDNAYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQLINN NWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTDNNGVKTIANNLTSTVQVFTDSDYQLPY VLGSAHEGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNDGSQAVGRSSFYCEYFPSQML RTGNNFQFSYEFENVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSKTINGSG QNQQTLKFSVAGPSNMAVQGRNYIPGPSYRQQRVSTTVTNNNSEFAWPGA SSWALNGRNSLMNPGPAMASHKEGEDRFFPLSGSLIFGKQGTGRDNVDAD KVMITNEEEIKTTNPVATESYGQVATNHQSQAQAQTGWVQNQGILPGMVW QDRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGMKHPPPQILIKNTPVPAD PPTAFNKDKLNSFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWEQKENSKRWNPEIQYTSNYYKS NNVEFAVNTEGVYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL an AAV10 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32:

MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGY KYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEF QERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPVEPSP QRSPDSSTGIGKKGQQPAKKRLNFGQTGDSESVPDPQPIGEPPAGPSGLG SGTMAAGGGAPMADNNEGADGVGSSSGNWHCDSTWLGDRVITTSTRTWAL PTYNNHLYKQISNGTSGGSTNDNTYFGYSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQ RLINNNWGFRPKRLNFKLFNIQVKEVTQNEGTKTIANNLTSTIQVFTDSE YQLPYVLGSAHQGCLPPFPADVFMIPQYGYLTLNNGSQAVGRSSFYCLEY FPSQMLRTGNNFEFSYQFEDVPFHSSYAHSQSLDRLMNPLIDQYLYYLSR TQSTGGTAGTQQLLFSQAGPNNMSAQAKNWLPGPCYRQQRVSTTLSQNNN SNFAWTGATKYHLNGRDSLVNPGVAMATHKDDEERFFPSSGVLMFGKQGA GKDNVDYSSVMLTSEEEIKTTNPVATEQYGVVADNLQQQNAAPIVGAVNS QGALPGMVWQNRDVYLQGPIWAKIPHTDGNFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPPPQIL IKNTPVPADPPTTFSQAKLASFITQYSTGQVSVEIEWELQKENSKRWNPE IQYTSNYYKSTNVDFAVNTDGTYSEPRPIGTRYLTRNL an AAV11 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33:

MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWDLKPGAPKPKANQQKQDDGRGLVLPGY KYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNAADAAALEHDKAYDQQLKAGDNPYLRYNHADAEF QERLQEDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRVLEPLGLVEEGAKTAPGKKRPLESPQ EPDSSSGIGKKGKQPARKRLNFEEDTGAGDGPPEGSDTSAMSSDIEMRAA PGGNAVDAGQGSDGVGNASGDWHCDSTWSEGKVTTTSTRTWVLPTYNNHL YLRLGTTSSSNTYNGFSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLINNNWGLRPK AMRVKIFNIQVKEVTTSNGETTVANNLTSTVQIFADSSYELPYVMDAGQE GSLPPFPNDVFMVPQYGYCGIVTGENQNQTDRNAFYCLEYFPSQMLRTGN NFEMAYNFEKVPFHSMYAHSQSLDRLMNPLLDQYLWHLQSTTSGETLNQG NAATTFGKIRSGDFAFYRKNWLPGPCVKQQRFSKTASQNYKIPASGGNAL LKYDTHYTLNNRWSNIAPGPPMATAGPSDGDFSNAQLIFPGPSVTGNTTT SANNLLFTSEEEIAATNPRDTDMFGQIADNNQNATTAPITGNVTAMGVLP GMVWQNRDIYYQGPIWAKIPHADGHFHPSPLIGGFGLKHPPPQIFIKNTP VPANPATTFTAARVDSFITQYSTGQVAVQIEWEIEKERSKRWNPEVQFTS NYGNQSSMLWAPDTTGKYTEPRVIGSRYLTNHL an AAV12 capsid protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34:

MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNGRGLVLPGY KYLGPFNGLDKGEPVNEADAAALEHDKAYDKQLEQGDNPYLKYNHADAEF QQRLATDTSFGGNLGRAVFQAKKRILEPLGLVEEGVKTAPGKKRPLEKTP NRPTNPDSGKAPAKKKQKDGEPADSARRTLDFEDSGAGDGPPEGSSSGEM SHDAEMRAAPGGNAVEAGQGADGVGNASGDWHCDSTWSEGRVTTTSTRTW VLPTYNNHLYLRIGTTANSNTYNGFSTPWGYFDFNRFHCHFSPRDWQRLI NNNWGLRPKSMRVKIFNIQVKEVTTSNGETTVANNLTSTVQIFADSTYEL PYVMDAGQEGSFPPFPNDVFMVPQYGYCGVVTGKNQNQTDRNAFYCLEYF PSQMLRTGNNFEVSYQFEKVPFHSMYAHSQSLDRMMNPLLDQYLWHLQST TTGNSLNQGTATTTYGKITTGDFAYYRKNWLPGACIKQQKFSKNANQNYK IPASGGDALLKYDTHTTLNGRWSNMAPGPPMATAGAGDSDFSNSQLIFAG PNPSGNTTTSSNNLLFTSEEEIATTNPRDTDMFGQIADNNQNATTAPHIA NLDAMGIVPGMVWQNRDIYYQGPIWAKVPHTDGHFHPSPLMGGFGLKHPP PQIFIKNTPVPANPNTTFSAARINSFLTQYSTGQVAVQIDWEIQKEHSKR WNPEVQFTSNYGTQNSMLWAPDNAGNYHELRAIGSRFLTHHL

The capsid protein may have at least one mutation, for example, an amino acid substitution. In some cases, a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector comprises a capsid protein with a mutated tyrosine residue which enables to the vector to have improved transduction efficiency of a target cell, e.g., a retinal bipolar cell (e.g. ON or OFF retinal bipolar cells; rod and cone bipolar cells). In some cases, the rAAV further comprises a promoter (e.g., mGluR6, or fragment thereof) capable of driving the expression of a protein of interest in the target cell.

In one embodiment, a mutation may be made in any one or more of tyrosine residues of the capsid protein of AAV 1-12 or hybrid AAVs. In specific embodiments these are surface exposed tyrosine residues. In a related embodiment the tyrosine residues are part of the VP1, VP2, or VP3 capsid protein. In exemplary embodiments, the mutation may be made at one or more of the following amino acid residues of an AAV-VP3 capsid protein: Tyr252, Tyr272, Tyr444, Tyr500, Tyr700, Tyr704, Tyr 730; Tyr275, Tyr281, Tyr508, Tyr576, Tyr612, Tyr673 or Tyr720. Exemplary mutations are tyrosine-to-phenylalanine mutations including, but not limited to; Y252F, Y272F, Y444F, Y500F, Y700F, Y704F, Y730F, Y275F, Y281F, Y508F, Y576F, Y612G, Y673F and Y720F. In a specific embodiment these mutations are made in the AAV2 serotype. In some cases, an AAV2 serotype comprises a Y444F mutation and/or an AAV8 serotype comprises a Y733F mutation, wherein 444 and 733 indicate the location of a point tyrosine mutation of the viral capsid. In further embodiments, such mutated AAV2 and AAV8 serotypes encode a light-sensitive protein and also comprise a modified mGluR6 promoter to drive expression of such light-sensitive protein. Such AAV vectors are described in, for example, Petrs-Silva et al., Mol. Ther., 2011 19:293-301).

In preferred embodiments, the amino acid mutation is of one or more of the surface tyrosine residues (e.g., Y252, Y272, Y444, Y500, Y700, Y704, and Y730 of an AAV2 capsid protein), surface threonine residues (e.g., T251, T329, T330, T454, T455, T503, T550, T592, T581, T597, T491, T671, T659, T660, T701, T713, and T716 of an AAV2 capsid protein), surface serine residues (e.g., S261, S264, S267, S276, S384, S458, S468, S492, S498, S578, S658, S662, S668, S707, S721 of an AAV2 capsid protein), and/or surface lysine residues (e.g., 258, K321, K459, K490, K507, K527, K572, K532, K544, K549, K556, K649, K655, K665, K706 of an AAV2 capsid protein). These residues are highly conserved between AAV1-AAV12 capsids, thus embodiments utilizing AAV1-AAV12 are encompassed herein and could be readily developed by those of ordinary skill viewing the instant disclosure. Preferred capsid mutants of the invention increase transduction efficiency compared with wild-type capsid proteins.

In one aspect, the mutation is a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at one or more of Y252, Y272, Y444, Y500, Y700, Y704, and Y730 of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. In a preferred embodiment, the Y to F mutation is at amino acid position 444 and/or position 730 of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. In another preferred embodiment, the mutant is a quadruple mutant with Y to F mutations at Y272, Y444, Y500, and Y730. Petrs-Silva, H. et al., “Novel Properties of Tyrosine-mutant AAV2 Vectors in the Mouse Retina,” Mol. Ther., vol. 19(2): 293-301 (2011).

In another aspect, the mutation is a threonine (T) to valine (V) at one or more of T251, T329, T330, T454, T455, T503, T550, T592, T581, T597, T491, T671, T659, T660, T701, T713, and T716 of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. In a preferred embodiment, the T to V mutation is at amino acid position 491 of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. In yet another embodiment, the mutant capsid comprises Y to F mutations at Y272, Y444, Y500, and Y730, as well as a T to V mutation is at amino acid position 491 of an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or AAV3-12. Kay, C. N. et al., “Targeting Photoreceptors via Intravitreal Delivery Using Novel, Capsid-Mutated AAV Vectors,” PLoS One, vol. 8(4): e62097 (2013).

In another embodiment, the capsid protein is engineered to include the insert of peptide 7m8 at AAV2⁵⁸⁸, SEQ ID NO: 35: LGETTRP. Dalkara, D. et al., “In Vivo-Directed Evolution of a New Adeno-Associated Virus for Therapeutic Outer Retinal Gene Delivery from the Vitreous,” Sci. Transl. Med. 5(189):ra76 (2013).

In another embodiment, the capsid protein is engineered to include a 9-amino acid stretch of a conformationally variable region of the AAV8 capsid protein between positions 585 and 593. In some embodiments, the capsid protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 36, PERTAMSLP. In preferred embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 36 is inserted between positions 585 and 593 of an AAV2 capsid protein or the equivalent conserved residues of AAV1 or AAV3-12. The capsid proteins comprising this sequence effectively transduce ocular cells, preferably bipolar and ganglion cells. In some embodiments, the capsid protein comprises SEQ ID NO: 37, SFSRAVLCD. In preferred embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 37 is inserted between positions 585 and 593 of an AAV2 capsid protein or the equivalent conserved residues of AAV1 or AAV3-12. The capsid proteins comprising this sequence effectively transduce ocular cells, preferably ON bipolar cells. Cronin, T. et al., “Efficient transduction and optogenetic stimulation of retinal bipolar cells by a synthetic adeno-associated virus capsid and promoter,” EMBO Mol. Med., vol. 6(9): 1175-1190 (2014).

In any of the isolated nucleic acid molecules or nucleic acid expression vectors described herein, the modified mGluR6 promoter is upstream of a transgene to be expressed in the eye. Preferably, the transgene encodes a gene product that increases light sensitivity, increases light detection, increases photosensitivity, increases visual evoked potential, or restores vision in a retina. More preferably, the transgene is an opsin gene. Examples of opsin genes include, but are not limited to, channelrhodopsins (e.g., channelrhodopsin-1, channelrhodopsin-2, and Volvox carteri channelrhodopsins 1 or 2), melanopsin, pineal opsin, photopsins, halorhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, proteorhodopsin, or any functional variants or fragments thereof. Suitable opsin variants may be 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97% 98% or 99% identical to the opsin. Preferably, the opsin variant has at least 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the functional activity of the opsin. Functional activity can be measured by any means known in the art, for example, by electroretinography.

Preferably, the mutation in the capsid protein is a tyrosine to phenylalanine at amino acid position 444. The ordinarily skilled artisan could readily design nucleic acid sequences that encode said mutated capsid protein. A nucleic acid sequence for such an exemplary capsid protein is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 20:

tcagagagagtgtcctcgagccaatctgaaacaataccatcggcagccat acctgatttaaatcatttattgttcaaagatgcagtcatccaaatccaca ttgaccagatcgcaggcagtgcaagcgtctggcacctttcccatgatatg atgaatgtagcacagtttctgatacgcctttttgacgacagaaacgggtt gagattctgacacgggaaagcactctaaacagtctttctgtccgtgagtg aagcagatatttgaattctgattcattctctcgcattgtctgcagggaaa cagcatcagattcatgcccacgtgacgagaacatttgttttggtacctgt ctgcgtagttgatcgaagcttccgcgtctgacgtcgatggctgcgcaact gactcgcgcacccgtttgggctcacttatatctgcgtcactgggggcggg tcttttcttggctccaccctttttgacgtagaattcatgctccacctcaa ccacgtgatcctttgcccaccggaaaaagtctttgacttcctgcttggtg accttcccaaagtcatgatccagacggcgggtgagttcaaatttgaacat ccggtcttgcaacggctgctggtgttcgaaggtcgttgagttcccgtcaa tcacggcgcacatgttggtgttggaggtgacgatcacgggagtcgggtct atctgggccgaggacttgcatttctggtccacgcgcaccttgcttcctcc gagaatggctttggccgactccacgaccttggcggtcatcttcccctcct cccaccagatcaccatcttgtcgacacagtcgttgaagggaaagttctca ttggtccagtttacgcacccgtagaagggcacagtgtgggctatggcctc cgcgatgttggtcttcccggtagttgcaggcccaaacagccagatggtgt tcctcttgccgaactttttcgtggcccatcccagaaagacggaagccgca tattggggatcgtacccgtttagttccaaaattttataaatccgattgct ggaaatgtcctccacgggctgctggcccaccaggtagtcgggggcggttt tagtcaggctcataatctttcccgcattgtccaaggcagccttgatttgg gaccgcgagttggaggccgcattgaaggagatgtatgaggcctggtcctc ctggatccactgcttctccgaggtaatccccttgtccacgagccacccga ccagctccatgtacctggctgaagtttttgatctgatcaccggcgcatca gaattgggattctgattctctttgttctgctcctgcgtctgcgacacgtg cgtcagatgctgcgccaccaaccgtttacgctccgtgagattcaaacagg cgctgaaacaataggaagggagtggatgtcagtgtgtgctgcccgggggc tctgactacaggtctcccccttcgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaata atccggaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagt aaaatacttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatga tagatctctatcactgatagggagtacttaccttaaatactgttccatat tagtccacgcccactggagctcaggctgggttttggggagcaagtaattg gggatgtagcactcatccaccaccttgttcccgcctccggcgccatttct ggtctttgtgaccgcgaaccagtttggcaaagtcggctcgatcccgcggt aaattctctgaatcagtttttcgcgaatctgactcaggaaacgtcccaaa accatggatttcaccccggtggtttccacgagcacgtgcatgtggaagta gctctctcccttctcaaattgcacaaagaaaagggcctccggggccttac tcacacggcgccattccgtcagaaagtcgcgctgcagcttctcggccacg gtcaggggtgcctgctcaatcagattcagatccatgtcagaatctggcgg caactcccattccttctcggccacccagttcacaaagctgtcagaaatgc cgggcagatgctcgtcaaggtcgctggggaccttaatcacaatctcgtaa aaccccggcat

In some embodiments, self-complementary AAV vectors may be used in the present invention. These vectors feature an inverted repeat genome that can fold into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) without the requirement for DNA synthesis or base-pairing between multiple vector genomes. Self-complementary vectors are particularly efficient for transduction, as the vectors hybridize for the priming of transcription, thereby effectively bypassing the step of converting single-stranded DNA (ssDNA to dsDNA). Self-complementary vectors and methods of their use are described in McCarty et al., Mol. Ther., 2008, 16:1648-1656.

Vectors of particular use for the present invention are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 . Modifications can be readily made by the skilled person in the art using standard DNA recombinant techniques.

The nucleic acid sequence of vector V-032-pFB-AAV-CMV-SV40pA (depicted in FIG. 1 ) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 21:

gacgcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcg cagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctt tcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctcta aatcgggggctccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcga ccccaaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccct gatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattc ttttgatttataagggattttgccgatttcggcctattggttaaaaaatg agctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaaaatattaacgttt acaatttcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgcggaacccctatttg tttatttttctaaatacattcaaatatgtatccgctcatgagacaataac cctgataaatgcttcaataatattgaaaaaggaagagtatgagtattcaa catttccgtgtcgcccttattcccttttttgcggcattttgccttcctgt ttttgctcacccagaaacgctggtgaaagtaaaagatgctgaagatcagt tgggtgcacgagtgggttacatcgaactggatctcaacagcggtaagatc cttgagagttttcgccccgaagaacgttttccaatgatgagcacttttaa agttctgctatgtggcgcggtattatcccgtattgacgccgggcaagagc aactcggtcgccgcatacactattctcagaatgacttggttgagtactca ccagtcacagaaaagcatcttacggatggcatgacagtaagagaattatg cagtgctgccataaccatgagtgataacactgcggccaacttacttctga caacgatcggaggaccgaaggagctaaccgcttttttgcacaacatgggg gatcatgtaactcgccttgatcgttgggaaccggagctgaatgaagccat accaaacgacgagcgtgacaccacgatgcctgtagcaatggcaacaacgt tgcgcaaactattaactggcgaactacttactctagcttcccggcaacaa ttaatagactggatggaggcggataaagttgcaggaccacttctgcgctc ggcccttccggctggctggtttattgctgataaatctggagccggtgagc gtgggtctcgcggtatcattgcagcactggggccagatggtaagccctcc cgtatcgtagttatctacacgacggggagtcaggcaactatggatgaacg aaatagacagatcgctgagataggtgcctcactgattaagcattggtaac tgtcagaccaagtttactcatatatactttagattgatttaaaacttcat ttttaatttaaaaggatctaggtgaagatcctttttgataatctcatgac caaaatcccttaacgtgagttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccccgtag aaaagatcaaaggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcgtaatctgc tgcttgcaaacaaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccgga tcaagagctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgc agataccaaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccacttc aagaactctgtagcaccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgttacc agtggctgctgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccgggttggactcaa gacgatagttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcg tgcacacagcccagcttggagcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagatacct acagcgtgagcattgagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaaggcgg acaggtatccggtaagcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcacgagggag cttccagggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgcca cctctgacttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcc tatggaaaaacgccagcaacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttgc tggccttttgctcacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgattctgtgga taaccgtattaccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaa cgaccgagcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatg cggtattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcagaccagc cgcgtaacctggcaaaatcggttacggttgagtaataaatggatgccctg cgtaagcgggtgtgggcggacaataaagtcttaaactgaacaaaatagat ctaaactatgacaataaagtcttaaactagacagaatagttgtaaactga aatcagtccagttatgctgtgaaaaagcatactggacttttgttatggct aaagcaaactcttcattttctgaagtgcaaattgcccgtcgtattaaaga ggggcgtggccaagggcatggtaaagactatattcgcggcgttgtgacaa tttaccgaacaactccgcggccgggaagccgatctcggcttgaacgaatt gttaggtggcggtacttgggtcgatatcaaagtgcatcacttcttcccgt atgcccaactttgtatagagagccactgcgggatcgtcaccgtaatctgc ttgcacgtagatcacataagcaccaagcgcgttggcctcatgcttgagga gattgatgagcgcggtggcaatgccctgcctccggtgctcgccggagact gcgagatcatagatatagatctcactacgcggctgctcaaacctgggcag aacgtaagccgcgagagcgccaacaaccgcttcttggtcgaaggcagcaa gcgcgatgaatgtcttactacggagcaagttcccgaggtaatcggagtcc ggctgatgttgggagtaggtggctacgtctccgaactcacgaccgaaaag atcaagagcagcccgcatggatttgacttggtcagggccgagcctacatg tgcgaatgatgcccatacttgagccacctaactttgttttagggcgactg ccctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctccata acatcaaacatcgacccacggcgtaacgcgcttgctgcttggatgcccga ggcatagactgtacaaaaaaacagtcataacaagccatgaaaaccgccac tgcgccgttaccaccgctgcgttcggtcaaggttctggaccagttgcgtg agcgcatacgctacttgcattacagtttacgaaccgaacaggcttatgtc aactgggttcgtgccttcatccgtttccacggtgtgcgtcacccggcaac cttgggcagcagcgaagtcgaggcatttctgtcctggctggcgaacgagc gcaaggtttcggtctccacgcatcgtcaggcattggcggccttgctgttc ttctacggcaaggtgctgtgcacggatctgccctggcttcaggagatcgg aagacctcggccgtcgcggcgcttgccggtggtgctgaccccggatgaag tggttcgcatcctcggttttctggaaggcgagcatcgtttgttcgcccag gactctagctatagttctagtggttggctacattattgaagcatttatca gggttattgtctcagagcatgcctgcaggcagctgcgcgctcgctcgctc actgaggccgcccgggcgtcgggcgacctttggtcgcccggcctcagtga gcgagcgagcgcgcagagagggagtggccaactccatcactaggggttcc tgcggccgcacgcgtgttactagttattaatagtaatcaattacggggtc attagttcatagcccatatatggagttccgcgttacataacttacggtaa atggcccgcctggctgaccgcccaacgacccccgcccattgacgtcaata atgacgtatgttcccatagtaacgccaatagggactttccattgacgtca atgggtggagtatttacggtaaactgcccacttggcagtacatcaagtgt atcatatgccaagtacgccccctattgacgtcaatgacggtaaatggccc gcctggcattatgcccagtacatgaccttatgggactttcctacttggca gtacatctacgtattagtcatcgctattaccatggtgatgcggttttggc agtacatcaatgggcgtggatagcggtttgactcacggggatttccaagt ctccaccccattgacgtcaatgggagtttgttttggcaccaaaatcaacg ggactttccaaaatgtcgtaacaactccgccccattgacgcaaatgggcg gtaggcgtgtacggtgggaggtctatataagcagagctcgtttagtgaac cgtcagatcgcctggagacgccatccacgctgttttgacctccatagaag acaccgggaccgatccagcctccaaccggttcgaacaggtaagcgcccct aaaatccctttggcacaatgtgtcctgaggggagaggcagcgacctgtag atgggacgggggcactaaccctcagggtttggggttctgaatgtgagtat cgccatgtaagcccagtatttggccaatctcagaaagctcctggctccct ggaggatggagagagaaaaacaaacagctcctggagcagggagagtgctg gcctcttgctctccggctccctctgttgccctctggtttctccccaggtt gaattcgatatcggatccatcgataccgtcgacctcgagggggggcccgg tacccaattcgccctatagtgagtcgtattacgcgcgcagcggccgacca tggcccaacttgtttattgcagcttataatggttacaaataaagcaatag catcacaaatttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtg gtttgtccaaactcatcaatgtatcttatcatgtctggatctccggacca cgtgcggaccgagcggccgcaggaacccctagtgatggagttggccactc cctctctgcgcgctcgctcgctcactgaggccgggcgaccaaaggtcgcc cgacgcccgggctttgcccgggcggcctcagtgagcgagcgagcgcgcag ctgcctgcaggaagctgtaagcttgtcgagaagtactagaggatcataat cagccataccacatttgtagaggttttacttgctttaaaaaacctcccac acctccccctgaacctgaaacataaaatgaatgcaattgttgttgttaac ttgtttattgcagcttataatggttacaaataaagcaatagcatcacaaa tttcacaaataaagcatttttttcactgcattctagttgtggtttgtcca aactcatcaatgtatcttatcatgtctggatctgatcactgatatcgcct aggagatccgaaccagataagtgaaatctagttccaaactattttgtcat ttttaattttcgtattagcttacgacgctacacccagttcccatctattt tgtcactcttccctaaataatccttaaaaactccatttccacccctccca gttcccaactattttgtccgcccacagcggggcatttttcttcctgttat gtttttaatcaaacatcctgccaactccatgtgacaaaccgtcatcttcg gctactttttctctgtcacagaatgaaaatttttctgtcatctcttcgtt attaatgtttgtaattgactgaatatcaacgcttatttgcagcctgaatg gcgaatg

The nucleic acid sequence for the vector V117-pFB-inCap2-Y444F-inRepOpt-Kan (depicted in FIG. 2 ) is provided below in SEQ ID NO: 22:

ttctctgtcacagaatgaaaatttttctgtcatctcttcgttattaatgt ttgtaattgactgaatatcaacgcttatttgcagcctgaatggcgaatgg gacgcgccctgtagcggcgcattaagcgcggcgggtgtggtggttacgcg cagcgtgaccgctacacttgccagcgccctagcgcccgctcctttcgctt tcttcccttcctttctcgccacgttcgccggctttccccgtcaagctcta aatcgggggctccctttagggttccgatttagtgctttacggcacctcga ccccaaaaaacttgattagggtgatggttcacgtagtgggccatcgccct gatagacggtttttcgccctttgacgttggagtccacgttctttaatagt ggactcttgttccaaactggaacaacactcaaccctatctcggtctattc ttttgatttataagggattttgccgatttcggcctattggttaaaaaatg agctgatttaacaaaaatttaacgcgaattttaacaaaatattaacgttt acaatttcctgatgcggtattttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttca caccgcatatggtgcactctcagtacaatctgctctgatgccgcatagtt aagccagccccgacacccgccaacacccgctgacgcgccctgacgggctt gtctgctcccggcatccgcttacagacaagctgtgaccgtctccgggagc tgcatgtgtcagaggttttcaccgtcatcaccgaaacgcgcgagacgaaa gggcctcgtgatacgcctatttttataggttaatgtcatgataataatgg tttcttagacgtcaggtggcacttttcggggaaatgtgcgcggaacccct atttgtttatttttctaaatacattcaaatatgtatccgctcatgagaca ataaccctgataaatgcttcaataatattgaaaaaggaagagtatgattg aacaagatggattgcacgcaggttctccggccgcttgggtggagaggcta ttcggctatgactgggcacaacagacaatcggctgctctgatgccgccgt gttccggctgtcagcgcaggggcgcccggttctttttgtcaagaccgacc tgtccggtgccctgaatgaactgcaggacgaggcagcgcggctatcgtgg ctggccacgacgggcgttccttgcgcagctgtgctcgacgttgtcactga agcgggaagggactggctgctattgggcgaagtgccggggcaggatctcc tgtcatctcaccttgctcctgccgagaaagtatccatcatggctgatgca atgcggcggctgcatacgcttgatccggctacctgcccattcgaccacca agcgaaacatcgcatcgagcgagcacgtactcggatggaagccggtcttg tcgatcaggatgatctggacgaagagcatcaggggctcgcgccagccgaa ctgttcgccaggctcaaggcgcgcatgcccgacggcgaggatctcgtcgt gacccatggcgatgcctgcttgccgaatatcatggtggaaaatggccgct tttctggattcatcgactgtggccggctgggtgtggcggaccgctatcag gacatagcgttggctacccgtgatattgctgaagagcttggcggcgaatg ggctgaccgcttcctcgtgctttacggtatcgccgctcccgattcgcagc gcatcgccttctatcgccttcttgacgagttcttctgagtaaccgtcaga ccaagtttactcatatatactttagattgatttaaaacttcatttttaat ttaaaaggatctaggtgaagatcctttttgataatctcatgaccaaaatc ccttaacgtgagttttcgttccactgagcgtcagaccacgtagaaaagat caaaggatcttcttgagatcctttttttctgcgcgtaatctgctgcttgc aaacaaaaaaaccaccgctaccagcggtggtttgtttgccggatcaagag ctaccaactctttttccgaaggtaactggcttcagcagagcgcagatacc aaatactgtccttctagtgtagccgtagttaggccaccacttcaagaact ctgtagcaccgcctacatacctcgctctgctaatcctgttaccagtggct gctgccagtggcgataagtcgtgtcttaccgggttggactcaagacgata gttaccggataaggcgcagcggtcgggctgaacggggggttcgtgcacac agcccagcttggagcgaacgacctacaccgaactgagatacctacagcgt gagcattgagaaagcgccacgcttcccgaagggagaaaggcggacaggta tccggtaagcggcagggtcggaacaggagagcgcacgagggagcttccag ggggaaacgcctggtatctttatagtcctgtcgggtttcgccacctctga cttgagcgtcgatttttgtgatgctcgtcaggggggcggagcctatggaa aaacgccagcaacgcggcctttttacggttcctggccttttgctggcctt ttgctcacatgttctttcctgcgttatcccctgattctgtggataaccgt attaccgcctttgagtgagctgataccgctcgccgcagccgaacgaccga gcgcagcgagtcagtgagcgaggaagcggaagagcgcctgatgcggtatt ttctccttacgcatctgtgcggtatttcacaccgcagaccagccgcgtaa cctggcaaaatcggttacggttgagtaataaatggatgccctgcgtaagc gggtgtgggcggacaataaagtcttaaactgaacaaaatagatctaaact atgacaataaagtcttaaactagacagaatagttgtaaactgaaatcagt ccagttatgctgtgaaaaagcatactggacttttgttatggctaaagcaa actcttcattttctgaagtgcaaattgcccgtcgtattaaagaggggcgt ggccaagggcatggtaaagactatattcgcggcgttgtgacaatttaccg aacaactccgcggccgggaagccgatctcggcttgaacgaattgttaggt ggcggtacttgggtcgatatcaaagtgcatcacttcttcccgtatgccca actttgtatagagagccactgcgggatcgtcaccgtaatctgcttgcacg tagatcacataagcaccaagcgcgttggcctcatgcttgaggagattgat gagcgcggtggcaatgccctgcctccggtgctcgccggagactgcgagat catagatatagatctcactacgcggctgctcaaacctgggcagaacgtaa gccgcgagagcgccaacaaccgcttcttggtcgaaggcagcaagcgcgat gaatgtcttactacggagcaagttcccgaggtaatcggagtccggctgat gttgggagtaggtggctacgtctccgaactcacgaccgaaaagatcaaga gcagcccgcatggatttgacttggtcagggccgagcctacatgtgcgaat gatgcccatacttgagccacctaactttgttttagggcgactgccctgct gcgtaacatcgttgctgctgcgtaacatcgttgctgctccataacatcaa acatcgacccacggcgtaacgcgcttgctgcttggatgcccgaggcatag actgtacaaaaaaacagtcataacaagccatgaaaaccgccactgcgccg ttaccaccgctgcgttcggtcaaggttctggaccagttgcgtgagcgcat acgctacttgcattacagtttacgaaccgaacaggcttatgtcaactggg ttcgtgccttcatccgtttccacggtgtgcgtcacccggcaaccttgggc agcagcgaagtcgaggcatttctgtcctggctggcgaacgagcgcaaggt ttcggtctccacgcatcgtcaggcattggcggccttgctgttcttctacg gcaaggtgctgtgcacggatctgccctggcttcaggagatcggtagacct cggccgtcgcggcgcttgccggtggtgctgaccccggatgaagtggttcg catcctcggttttctggaaggcgagcatcgtttgttcgcccaggactcta gctatagttctagtggttggcctacgtacccgtagtggctatggcagggc ttgccgccccgacgttggctgcgagccctgggccttcacccgaacttggg ggttggggtggggaaaaggaagaaacgcgggcgtattggtcccaatgggg tctcggtggggtatcgacagagtgccagccctgggaccgaaccccgcgtt tatgaacaaacgacccaacacccgtgcgttttattctgtctttttattgc cgtcatagcgcgggttccttccggtattgtctccttccgtgtttcagtta gcctcccccatctcccggtaccgcatgctccttcagagagagtgtcctcg agccaatctgaaacaataccatcggcagccatacctgatttaaatcattt attgttcaaagatgcagtcatccaaatccacattgaccagatcgcaggca gtgcaagcgtctggcacctttcccatgatatgatgaatgtagcacagttt ctgatacgcctttttgacgacagaaacgggttgagattctgacacgggaa agcactctaaacagtctttctgtccgtgagtgaagcagatatttgaattc tgattcattctctcgcattgtctgcagggaaacagcatcagattcatgcc cacgtgacgagaacatttgttttggtacctgtctgcgtagttgatcgaag cttccgcgtctgacgtcgatggctgcgcaactgactcgcgcacccgtttg ggctcacttatatctgcgtcactgggggcgggtcttttcttggctccacc ctttttgacgtagaattcatgctccacctcaaccacgtgatcctttgccc accggaaaaagtctttgacttcctgcttggtgaccttcccaaagtcatga tccagacggcgggtgagttcaaatttgaacatccggtcttgcaacggctg ctggtgttcgaaggtcgttgagttcccgtcaatcacggcgcacatgttgg tgttggaggtgacgatcacgggagtcgggtctatctgggccgaggacttg catttctggtccacgcgcaccttgcttcctccgagaatggctttggccga ctccacgaccttggcggtcatcttcccctcctcccaccagatcaccatct tgtcgacacagtcgttgaagggaaagttctcattggtccagtttacgcac ccgtagaagggcacagtgtgggctatggcctccgcgatgttggtcttccc ggtagttgcaggcccaaacagccagatggtgttcctcttgccgaactttt tcgtggcccatcccagaaagacggaagccgcatattggggatcgtacccg tttagttccaaaattttataaatccgattgctggaaatgtcctccacggg ctgctggcccaccaggtagtcgggggcggttttagtcaggctcataatct ttcccgcattgtccaaggcagccttgatttgggaccgcgagttggaggcc gcattgaaggagatgtatgaggcctggtcctcctggatccactgcttctc cgaggtaatccccttgtccacgagccacccgaccagctccatgtacctgg ctgaagtttttgatctgatcaccggcgcatcagaattgggattctgattc tctttgttctgctcctgcgtctgcgacacgtgcgtcagatgctgcgccac caaccgtttacgctccgtgagattcaaacaggcgctgaaacaataggaag ggagtggatgtcagtgtgtgctgcccgggggctctgactacaggtctccc ccttcgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataatccggaatatttatagg tttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagtaaaatacttatttatttg cgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgatagatctctatcactgat agggagtacttaccttaaatactgttccatattagtccacgcccactgga gctcaggctgggttttggggagcaagtaattggggatgtagcactcatcc accaccttgttcccgcctccggcgccatttctggtctttgtgaccgcgaa ccagtttggcaaagtcggctcgatcccgcggtaaattctctgaatcagtt tttcgcgaatctgactcaggaaacgtcccaaaaccatggatttcaccccg gtggtttccacgagcacgtgcatgtggaagtagctctctcccttctcaaa ttgcacaaagaaaagggcctccggggccttactcacacggcgccattccg tcagaaagtcgcgctgcagcttctcggccacggtcaggggtgcctgctca atcagattcagatccatgtcagaatctggcggcaactcccattccttctc ggccacccagttcacaaagctgtcagaaatgccgggcagatgctcgtcaa ggtcgctggggaccttaatcacaatctcgtaaaaccccggcatggcgggt agggtgatcaagtcttcgtcgagtgattgtaaataaaatgtaatttacag tatagtattttaattaatatacaaatgatttgataataattcttatttaa ctataatatattgtgttgggttgaattaaaggtccgtagctttcgaatct aggctcaagcagtgatcagatccagacatgataagatacattgatgagtt tggacaaaccacaactagaatgcagtgaaaaaaatgctttatttgtgaaa tttgtgatgctattgctttatttgtaaccattataagctgcaataaacaa gttaacaacaacaattgcattcattttatgtttcaggttcagggggaggt gtgggaggttttttaaagcaagtaaaacctctacaaatgtggtatggctg attatgatcctctagtacttctcgacaagctgtagccatggaaactagat aagaaagaaatacgcagagaccaaagttcaactgaaacgaattaaacggt ttattgattaacaagcaattacagattacgagtcaggtatctggtgccaa tggggcgaggctctgaatacacgccattagtgtccacagtaaagtccaca ttaacagacttgttgtagttggaagtgtactgaatttcgggattccagcg tttgctgttttccttctgcagctcccactcgatctccacgctgacctgtc ccgtggagtactgtgtgatgaaggaagcaaactttgccgcactgaaggtg gtcgaaggattcgcaggtaccggggtgttcttgatgagaatctgtggagg agggtgtttaagtccgaatccacccatgaggggagaggggtgaaaatgtc cgtccgtgtgtggaatctttgcccagatgggcccctgaaggtacacatct ctgtcctgccagaccatgcctggaagaacgccttgtgtgttgacatctgc ggtagctgcttgtctgttgcctctctggaggttggtagatacagaaccat actgctccgtagccacgggattggttgtcctgatttcctcttcgtctgta atcatgaccttttcaatgtccacatttgttttctctgagccttgcttccc aaagatgagaaccccgctctgaggaaaaaacttttcttcatcgtccttgt ggcttgccatggccgggcccggattcaccagagagtctctgccattgagg tggtacttggtagctccagtccacgagtattcactgttgttgttatccgc agatgtctttgatactcgctgctggcggtaacagggtccaggaagccagt tcctagactggtcccgaatgtcactcgctccggcctgagaaaactgaagc cttgactgcgtggtggttccacttggagtgtttgttctgcttaagaaata caggtactggtcgatgagaggattcatgagacggtccagactctggctgt gagcgtagctgctgtggaaaggaacgtcctcaaaagtgtagctgaaggta aagttgtttccggtacgcagcatctgagaaggaaagtactccaggcagta aaatgaagagcgtcctactgcctgactcccgttgttcagggtgaggtatc catactgtggcaccatgaagacgtctgctgggaacggcgggaggcatcct tgatgcgccgagccgaggacgtacgggagctggtactccgagtcagtaaa cacctgaaccgtgctggtaaggttattggcaatcgtcgtcgtaccgtcat tctgcgtgacctctttgacttgaatgttaaagagcttgaagttgagtctc ttgggtcggaatccccagttgttgttgatgagtctttgccagtcacgtgg tgaaaagtggcagtggaatctgttgaagtcaaaatacccccaaggggtgc tgtagccaaagtagtgattgtcgttcgaggctcctgattggctggaaatt tgtttgtagaggtggttgttgtaggtgggcagggcccaggttcgggtgct ggtggtgatgactctgtcgcccatccatgtggaatcgcaatgccaatttc ccgaggaattacccactccgtcggcgccctcgttattgtctgccattggt gcgccactgcctgtagccatcgtattagttcccagaccagagggggctgc tggtggctgtccgagaggctgggggtcaggtactgagtctgcgtctccag tctgaccaaaattcaatctttttcttgcaggctgctggcccgcctttccg gttcccgaggaggagtctggctccacaggagagtgctctaccggcctctt ttttcccggagccgtcttaacaggttcctcaaccaggcccagaggttcaa gaaccctctttttcgcctggaagactgctcgtccgaggttgcccccaaaa gacgtatcttctttaaggcgctcctgaaactccgcgtcggcgtggttgta cttgaggtacgggttgtctccgctgtcgagctgccggtcgtaggctttgt cgtgctcgagggccgcggcgtctgcctcgttgaccggctctcccttgtcg agtccgttgaagggtccgaggtacttgtacccaggaagcacaagacccct gctgtcgtccttatgccgctctgcgggctttggtggtggtgggccaggtt tgagcttccaccactgtcttattccttcagagagagtgtcctcgagccaa tctgaaacaataggaagggagtggatgtcagtgtgtgctgcccgggggct ctgactacaggtctcccccttcgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataa tccggaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagta aaatacttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgat agatctctatcactgatagggagtacttacctggaagataaccatcggca gccatcttaacaggatccgcgcccgatggtgggacggtatgaataatccg gaatatttataggtttttttattacaaaactgttacgaaaacagtaaaat acttatttatttgcgagatggttatcattttaattatctccatgatctat taatattccggagtatacctaggagatccgaaccagataagtgaaatcta gttccaaactattttgtcatttttaattttcgtattagcttacgacgcta cacccagttcccatctattttgtcactcttccctaaataatccttaaaaa ctccatttccacccctcccagttcccaactattttgtccgcccacagcgg ggcatttttcttcctgttatgtttttaatcaaacatcctgccaactccat gtgacaaaccgtcatcttcggctacttt

Any of a variety of other vectors adapted for expression of any light-sensitive protein in a cell of the eye, particularly within a retinal cell, more particularly within a non-photoreceptor cell (e.g. amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, retinal bipolar cells, (ON or OFF cone retinal bipolar cells; rod bipolar cells)), are within the scope of the present invention. Gene delivery vectors can be viral (e.g., derived from or containing sequences of viral DNA or RNA, preferably packaged within a viral particle), or non-viral (e.g., not packaged within a viral particle, including “naked” polynucleotides, nucleic acid associated with a carrier particle such as a liposome or targeting molecule, and the like).

Therapeutic Uses

The advantages of using gene regulatory elements, such as those encompassed by the present invention, that direct the expression to a specific subset of retinal eyes is to accurately recapitulate the visual processing signals from the ON and OFF pathways to improve or restore photosensitivity, and thereby improving or restoring vision.

Visual information is processed through the retina through two pathways: an ON pathway which signals the light ON, and an OFF pathway which signals the light OFF. The existence of the ON and OFF pathway is important for the enhancement of contrast sensitivity. The visual signal in the ON pathway is relay from ON-cone bipolar cells to ON ganglion cells. Both ON-cone bipolar cells and ON-ganglion cells are depolarized in response to light. On the other hand, the visual signal in the OFF pathway is carried from OFF-cone bipolar cells to OFF ganglion cells. Both OFF-cone bipolar cells and OFF-ganglion cells are hypopolarized in response to light. Rod bipolar cells, which are responsible for the ability to see in dim light (scotopic vision), are ON bipolar cells (depolarized in response to light). Rod bipolar cells relay the vision signal through AII amacrine cells (an ON type retinal cells) to ON an OFF cone bipolar cells.

Accordingly, a dual rhodopsin system can be used to recapitulate the ON and OFF pathways integral to visual processing and acuity. Briefly, a ChR2 or Chop2 protein can be specifically targeted to ON type retinal neurons (e.g., ON type ganglion cells and/or ON type bipolar cells), while a hypopolarizing light sensor (e.g., halorhodopsin or other chloride pump or proton pump, preferably Arch, ArchT, Jaws known in the art, as well as variants known in the art or yet to be identified) can be targeted to OFF type retinal neurons (e.g. OFF type ganglion cells and/or OFF type bipolar cells) to create ON and OFF pathways. An alternative approach to restore ON and OFF pathways in the retina is achieved by, expressing a depolarizing light sensor, such as ChR2, to rod bipolar cells or AII amacrine. In this approach, the depolarization of rod bipolar cells or AII amacrine cells can lead to the ON and OFF responses at the levels of cone bipolar cells and the downstream retinal ganglion cells. Thus, the ON and OFF pathways that are inherent in the retina are restored or maintained.

The present invention can be used in methods for increasing photosensitivity, increasing phototransduction, increasing visual evoked potential (VEP), or improving or restoring vision. Tests are known in the art for quantifying photosensitivity and visual evoked potential, including electroretinography (ERG) analysis. Visual and behavior tests can be utilized to determine improvements or restoration of vision. Behavior tests include maze tests and the swimming test. Visual tests, such as the Snellen chart and visual field testing, are utilized to determine improved or restored vision. Such tests can be readily performed by a clinical practitioner. As used herein, “increasing” is meant in reference to before treatment or in comparison to one that has not undergone treatment, e.g., ocular gene therapy.

The present invention can be formulated to a pharmaceutical composition or medicament suitable for administration into a subject or patient. Suitable routes of administration include, for example, intravitreal, intraocular, or subretinal injection. Preferably, the route of administration is by intravitreal injection. All retinal neurons, including retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and photoreceptor cells are known to be reasonably well-accessible to intravitreal injection as disclosed herein. Intravitreal and/or subretinal injection can provide the necessary access to the bipolar cells, especially in circumstances in which the photoreceptor cell layer is absent due to degeneration.

Such formulations comprise a pharmaceutically and/or physiologically acceptable vehicle, diluent, carrier, or excipient, such as buffered saline or other buffers, e.g., HEPES, to maintain physiologic pH. For a discussion of such components and their formulation, see, generally, Gennaro, A. E., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers; 2003 or latest edition). See also, WO00/15822. If the preparation is to be stored for long periods, it may be frozen, for example, in the presence of glycerol.

In one embodiment, the constructs or nucleic acid expression vectors described herein are packaged in adenoviral vectors for transgene delivery. An effective amount of rAAV virions carrying a transgene under the control of the modified mGluR6 promoter is preferably in the range of between about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹³ rAAV infectious units in a volume of between about 150 and about 800 μl per injection. The rAAV infectious units can be measured according to McLaughlin, S K et al., 1988, J. Virol. 62:1963. More preferably, the effective amount is between about 10¹⁰ and about 10¹² rAAV infectious units and the injection volume is preferably between about 250 and about 500 μl. Other dosages and volumes, preferably within these ranges but possibly outside them, may be selected by the treating professional, taking into account the physical state of the subject (preferably a human), who is being treated, including, age, weight, general health, and the nature and severity of the particular ocular disorder.

It may also be desirable to administer additional doses (“boosters”) of the present nucleic acid(s) or rAAV compositions. For example, depending upon the duration of the transgene expression within the ocular target cell, a second treatment may be administered after 6 months or yearly, and may be similarly repeated. Neutralizing antibodies to AAV are not expected to be generated in view of the routes and doses used, thereby permitting repeat treatment rounds.

The need for such additional doses can be monitored by the treating professional using, for example, well-known electrophysiological and other retinal and visual function tests and visual behavior tests. The treating professional will be able to select the appropriate tests applying routine skill in the art. It may be desirable to inject larger volumes of the composition in either single or multiple doses to further improve the relevant outcome parameters.

Ocular Disorders

The term treatment includes, but is not limited to, arresting, inhibiting, or reversing the progression of an ocular disease or disorder. Preferred indicators of successful treatment are the preservation of existing vision or improvement of vision compared to vision before treatment.

The ocular disorders for which the present nucleic acids and vectors, are intended and may be used to improve one or more parameters of vision include, but are not limited to, developmental abnormalities that affect both anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Anterior segment disorders include glaucoma, cataracts, corneal dystrophy, and keratoconus. Posterior segment disorders include blinding disorders caused by photoreceptor malfunction and/or death caused by retinal dystrophies and degenerations.

A nonlimiting list of ocular diseases that may benefit from the methods described herein include, but are not limited to, retinoblastoma, ocular melanoma, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, any inflammation of the ocular tissues (i.e., chorioretinal inflammation, scleritis, keratitis, uveitis, etc.), or infection (i.e., bacterial or viral). Angiogenesis-related eye diseases include, but are not limited to age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal neovascularizing diseases, retinal angiomatous proliferation, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, ischemia-induced neovascularizing retinopathy, extreme or high myopia, and retinopathy of prematurity.

Retinal disorders include congenital stationary night blindness, macular degeneration, age-related macular degeneration, congenital cone dystrophies, and a large group of retinitis-pigmentosa (RP)-related disorders. These disorders include genetically pre-disposed death of photoreceptor cells—rods and cones in the retina—occurring at various ages. Among those are severe retinopathies, such as subtypes of RP itself that progresses with age and causes blindness in childhood and early adulthood and RP-associated diseases, such as genetic subtypes of Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA), which frequently results in loss of vision during childhood, as early as the first year of life. The latter disorders are generally characterized by severe reduction, and often complete loss of photoreceptor cells, rods and cones. (Trabulsi, E I, ed., Genetic Diseases of the Eye, Oxford University Press, N Y, 1998).

Ocular neovascularization is a widespread cause of vision loss that may also be treated using the optimized enhancers, promoters, and vectors of the present invention. It can occur in a number of proliferative retinal diseases including, but not limited to, diabetic retinopathy, dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular or exudative) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal artery or vein occlusion, glaucoma, and other inherited retinal degenerations, uveitis, retinal detachment, and eye cancers (ocular melanoma and retinoblastoma), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

In particular, the optimized enhancers, promoters, and vectors of the present invention useful for expressing transgenes for the treatment and/or restoration of at least partial vision to subjects that have lost vision due to ocular disorders, such as RPE-associated retinopathies, which are characterized by a long-term preservation of ocular tissue structure despite loss of function and by the association between function loss and the defect or absence of a normal gene in the ocular cells of the subject. A variety of such ocular disorders are known, such as childhood onset blinding diseases, retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, as well as ocular blinding diseases known in the art. It is anticipated that these other disorders, as well as blinding disorders of presently unknown causation which later are characterized by the same description as above, may also be successfully treated by the transgenes expressed by the nucleic acids and vectors of the present invention.

Thus, the particular ocular disorder treated by the present invention may include the above-mentioned disorders and a number of diseases which have yet to be so characterized.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Generation of Optimized mGluR6 Promoter Constructs

A series of AAV2 expression cassettes were constructed with the combination of sequences of the mGluR6 promoter, the 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer, and intron sequences of the mGluR6 gene, carrying a transgene. The transgene was either reporter mCherry or GFP-fused channelrhodopsin-2 (GFP-ChR2), ChR2 alone.

Two optimized mGluR6 promoter constructs are shown in FIG. 3 (I4) and FIG. 4 (I1a) for driving expression of a transgene. The transgene is, for example, a reporter gene, mCherry. The I4 construct comprises an optimized promoter with the 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer sequence located upstream of a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter. The I1a construct comprises an optimized promoter with intron 4 of the mGluR6 gene located upstream of intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene, intron 3 of the mGluR6 gene located upstream of the 200 bp mGluR6 enhancer sequence, and the mGluR6 enhancer sequence located upstream of a 500 bp fragment of the mGluR6 promoter.

AAV2 serotype 2 vectors with an Y444F capsid mutation were packaged and affinity purified at Virovek (Hayward, Calif.).

Example 2: In Vivo Expression in the Retina

Recombinant AAV-mediated expression of a transgene by the two optimized mGluR6 promoters shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 were tested in mice.

Briefly, 1-month-old C57BL/6J mice were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of 120 mg/kg ketamine and 15 mg/kg xylazine. Under a dissecting microscope, a small perforation was made in the temporal sclera region with a needle. A total of 1 μl viral vector solution at the concentration of 1×10¹³ vg/ml was injected into the intravitreal space through the hole with a Hamilton syringe. One month after the injection, the mice were killed to examine the expression patterns of transgene.

Retinal whole-mounts or vertical sections were blocked for 1 h in a solution containing 5% Chemiblocker (membrane-blocking agent; Chemicon, Brica, Mass., USA), 0.5% Triton X-100 and 0.05% sodium azide (Sigma). The primary antibodies were diluted in the same solution and applied overnight, followed by incubation (1 h) in the secondary antibodies, which were conjugated to Alexa 594 (1:600, red fluorescence, Molecular Probes), Alexa 488 (1:600, green fluorescence, Molecular Probes). The following antibodies were used in this study: rabbit anti-mCherry (1:500, 632496, Clontech); rabbit anti-PKC (1:20000, 2056, Cell Signal).

All images were made using a Zeiss Axioplan 2 microscope with the Apotome oscillating grating to reduce out-of-focus stray light. Z-stack images were captured and image projections were made by collapsing individual z-stacks of optical sections into a single plane. To create the merged images for double labeling, the red and green or blue channels for each individual optical section were combined and the merged z-optical sections were collapsed into a single plane. The brightness and contrast were adjusted using Adobe Photoshop CS4.

Retinal whole mounts from mice injected with I4 and I1a-containing virions are shown in FIGS. 5A-5F. The mCherry expression at the axon terminals of bipolar cells was detected in the ganglion cell layer (FIGS. 5A and 5D), as well as the expression at the bipolar cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer (FIGS. 5B and 5D). FIGS. 5C and 5F demonstrate the mCherry staining viewed from retinal vertical sections. Thus, FIGS. 5A-5F show that both optimized mGluR6 promoter constructs efficiently and selectively expressed the transgene in bipolar cells in the retinas of mice. Furthermore, the expression level of I1a was shown to be two to three times higher than that of 14.

Example 3: Transgene Expression Targeting

Further immunostaining analysis demonstrated the targeting of transgene expression by the optimized mGluR6 promoters. Specifically, the retinal whole-mount sections obtained as described in Example 2 were co-stained with anti-PKC. PKC is a rod bipolar cell marker. mCherry and PKC staining in the retinal whole mount are shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B, respectively, while staining in vertical sections are shown in FIGS. 6D and 6E, respectively. The merged images in FIGS. 6C and 6F show that co-labeling between the mGluR6-driven mCherry-expressing cells and the PKC-expressing cells in up to 58% of the rod bipolar cells. These results indicate that the optimized mGluR6 is able to target transgene expression to rod bipolar cells after intravitreal injection.

Other Embodiments

While the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.

The patent and scientific literature referred to herein establishes the knowledge that is available to those with skill in the art. All United States patents and published or unpublished United States patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference. All published foreign patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference. All other published references, documents, manuscripts, and scientific literature cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) or a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) nucleic acid expression vector comprising an mGluR6 enhancer comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequence having at least 70% identity thereto, and an mGluR6 promoter comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence having at least 70% identity thereto, operably linked to a transgene.
 2. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 1, wherein the vector is a recombinant AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, or AAV12 vector.
 3. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 1, wherein the-vector further encodes a capsid protein and the capsid protein comprises at least one mutation.
 4. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 3, wherein said at least one mutation is selected from the group consisting of: a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid position 444; a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid position 730; a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid positions 272, 444, 500, and 730; a threonine (T) to valine (V) at amino acid position 491; and a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid positions 272, 444, 500, 730, and a threonine (T) to valine (V) at amino acid position 491, wherein the position is in reference to an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or any one of AAV3-12.
 5. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 1, wherein the vector further encodes a capsid protein and the capsid protein comprises a peptide insert selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, and SEQ ID NO:
 37. 6. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 1, wherein the transgene is an opsin gene.
 7. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 6, wherein said opsin gene is selected from the group consisting of channelrhodopsin, melanopsin, pineal opsin, photopsins, halorhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, and proteorhodopsin, or any functional variants or fragments thereof.
 8. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 1, wherein the transgene encodes a gene product that increases light sensitivity, increases light detection, increases photosensitivity, increases visual evoked potential, or restores vision in a retina.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid expression vector of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
 10. A method for expressing a transgene in the eye comprising introducing into the eye the nucleic acid expression vector of claim
 1. 11. A method for expressing a transgene in the eye comprising introducing into the eye the pharmaceutical composition of claim
 9. 12. An adeno-associated virus (AAV) or a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) nucleic acid expression vector comprising an mGluR6 promoter comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6, or a sequence having at least 70% identity thereto, operably linked to a transgene.
 13. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the vector further comprises an mGluR6 enhancer comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, or a sequence having at least 70% identity thereto.
 14. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the vector is a recombinant AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, or AAV12 vector.
 15. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the vector further encodes a capsid protein and the capsid protein comprises at least one mutation selected from the group consisting of: a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid position 444; a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid position 730; a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid positions 272, 444, 500, and 730; a threonine (T) to valine (V) at amino acid position 491; and a tyrosine (Y) to phenylalanine (F) at amino acid positions 272, 444, 500, 730, and a threonine (T) to valine (V) at amino acid position 491, wherein the position is in reference to an AAV2 capsid protein or an equivalent conserved residue of AAV1 or any one of AAV3-12.
 16. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the vector further encodes a capsid protein comprising a peptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 35, SEQ ID NO: 36, and SEQ ID NO:
 37. 17. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the transgene encodes an opsin.
 18. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 17, wherein the opsin is selected from the group consisting of channelrhodopsin, melanopsin, pineal opsin, photopsins, halorhodopsin, bacteriorhodopsin, and proteorhodopsin, or any functional variants or fragments thereof.
 19. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the transgene encodes a channelrhodopsin.
 20. The nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, wherein the vector comprises a sequence having at least 80% identity or at least 90% identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 6. 21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic acid expression vector of claim 12, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. 